Cementing

By: Karwan saeed Ibrahim

Content:1.1.Functions of cement 1.2.Cement type and Cement additives 1.3.Slurry testing 1.4. 2.1.Casing and Cementing hardware #2 2.1. Cementing Mechanics 2.2.Displacement Theory 2.3. Washes and Spaces 2.4. 3.2.Cement Calculations #3 3.1.Cement plugs 3.2.Cement squeezing. 3.3.Cement Problems. 3.4.Cement Evaluation 3.5.Cement failures and problems

Sequence of Well Construction

Conductor

Surface casing Intermediate casing Production casing

Cement

reservoir
Production liner

reservoir

reservoir

reservoir

Cement Functions: Completes the isolation step that was started with casing. Pressure isolation Pipe support and protection Exterior corrosion Pressure control Load and force application support Leakoff control prevents crossflow? Water influx control

Cement types:-

1.2.Cement Additives
-Nut Shells (cellophane) -Barite,Baso4 -Hydrocarbons(Diesel,Oil,Kerosene) -Bentonite -Lost circulation control agents -Fluid loss additives -Dispersants -Miscellaneous Agents -Weighting Agents -Extenders -Retarders -Accelerators

Additves:

There are five steps required to obtain successful cement placement: Analyze the well parameters Calculate fluid (slurry)composition Use necessary hardware Monitor the treatment in real time Evaluate the results .compare with the design in first step

1.3.Slurry Testing
-Thickening time(consistometer) -Free water and Sedimentation(2hrs) -Fluid loss -Compressive Strength -Rheology (Temp. 80F ,reading should be reported at 200 ,100, 60, 30,6 and 3rpm)

In summary slurry testing is a major requirement for successful oil well cementing especially in high angle or horizontal wells.

2.1.Casing and Cementing hardware

-Guide shoe(a simple guide ,a ball valve or flapper). -Float collars -Baskets &Centralizers -Cement plugs -Multi stage collar

Casing guide shoe

Casing& cement Hardwares

Float collars

Cementing tools

Baskets & centralizers

the most important factor in achieving efficient mud displacement and cement placement

Cement plugs :
separate fluids with wiping casing

Multi stage collar :

reduce total pumping pressure and hydrostatic pressure on weak formations ,allow entire length of casing to be cemented.

Multistage cement collar is used for : .Reduce total pumping pressure .Reduce total HP on weak formations .Allow entire length of casing to be cemeneted

2.2.Cementing Mechanics
Conditioning the drilling mud :

2.3.displacement theory
.The effect of mud rheology .The effect of casing eccentricity .The effect of annular velocity .The effect of casing movement

3.1 washes and spacers

An intermediate fluid is used as a Pre flush to clean the drilling mud from the annulus (wash) ,water with the possible addition of a surfactant .

Cement calculations
Lead and tail slurry volumes mix water and additive volumes Total quantity of cement Displacement volume Hydrostatic Pressure for various cement positions Differential pressure at the end of cement displacement Collapse pressure at the casing shoe at the end of displacement The expected total volume of returns during the cement job.

Blended cements
The normal unit volume for cement is 1 sack which corresponds to 94 Ibs of weight occupying a packed volume of 1cubic foot The most common blended cement is class G mixed with 35% by weight of cement silica flour which is used in high temperature situations

Silica flour blend

# Bulk density of silica =70 Ibs /cu.ft # 1 sack of cement is equivalent to 94 Ibs=1 cu.ft # 35% silica is equivalent to 33 Ibs (0.93*94)=0.47cu.ft

8% bentonite blend
# Bulk density of bentonite =60 Ibs /cu.ft # I sack of cement is equivalent to 94 Ibs=1cu.ft # 8% bentonite =7.5Ibs =0.13cu.ft

Table below lists absolute volumes and specific gravities of common cementing materilals

How to calculate the slurry density of class G :

Density of slurry =total weight(Ib)/total volume (gal) Slurry yield =total volume /conversion factor

Cement Plugs:-

Cement plug Functions: (a) To plug back a zone or abandon a well (b) To sidetrack above a fish or to initiate a sidetrack (c) To provide a seal for open hole testing (d) To cure a lost circulation zone.

Cement plug Techniques

The 3 common techniques for setting a cement plug are: 1. Balanced Plug 2. Dump Bailer 3. Two Plug Method

Cement squeezing:reasons are as follows: The repair of a faulty or inadequate primary cement job To shut-off the flow of unwanted water or gas The isolation of a zone prior to perforating for production To abandon a non-productive or depleted zone To repair casing leaks

Cement Problems and Failures

1. Cement at shoe not strong enough to contain pressure of deeper zones must repair before drilling ahead. 2. Casing not centralized leaves mud channel on low size. May leak now or later. Requires squeeze. 3. Cement mixed with too much water causing channel along the top of the hole. 4. Casing not moved during cementing (sometime impossible in deviated wells) you need to get mud displacement by cement to get a good job. 5. Not enough cement in annulus to function as a barrierlures

What can happen to cement behind casing ?

Complete displacement and seal Channeling behind pipe Incomplete displacement Micro-annulus Gas or fluid migration Unset cement Well cured cement have permeability of 0.001 md with pore size of 2 microns and porosity of 35 %. Gas migrating within cement slurry before curing can create a network of pores of up to 0.1 mm with permeabilities of 1 to 5 md.

W h a t c a n h a p p e n t o c e m e n t b e h i n d c a s i n g ? C o m p l e t e d i s p l a c e m e n t & s e a l C h a n n e l i n g b e h i n d p i p e G a s o r f l u i d m i g r a t i o n I n c o m p l e t e d i s p l a c e m e n t

M i c r o a n n u l u s

Cement Component Principal component of Portland cement > > > > > 50% Tricalcium silicate/ C3S (3CaO.SiO2) 25% Dicalcium silicate/ C2S (2CaO. SiO2) 10% Tricalcium aluminate/ C3A (3CaO.Al2O3) 10% Tetracalcium aluminoferrite/ C4AF (4CaO. Al2O3.Fe2O3) 10% other oxides

Cementing Equipment

Surface Equipment
Mixers or blenders Pumping/displacing unit Cementing or plug release head

Mixing Equipment

Jet Mixer

Pneumatic Blender (for batch mixingaccurate )

Pump-skid Truck

The pumping unit draws slurry from the mixer. The slurry is followed by the displacing fluid (gauged).

Cementing Head (with manual plug release)

Provide connection from pumping unit and rig-pump lines into casing and receptacle for plugs

Modern heads equipped with quick change cap for insertion of cement plug

Downhole Equipment (Conventional casing job) Predetermined volume of slurry is pumped into the casing betweem two wiper plugs The bottom plug ruptures when it seats (top plug is solid) The top plug is displaced with mud or completion fluid, flow stops and pressure builds up when the top plug lands Check valve in the float shoe prevents backflow of heavier column of slurry

Downhole Equipment

A round-nosed shoe is run on the bottom joint to guide casing to pass borehole irregularities The collar also act as a seat for pump down plugs

Commonly used shoes and collars

Downhole Equipment

To separate cement from preceding or following fluids

The bottom plug also removes mud from the wall of the casing, prevents mud from accumulating beneath the top plug and being deposited around the lower casing joints Wiper plugs

Stage-Cementing and Methods

Conventional placement of cement slurry around the lower portion of a casing string followed by placement of successive upper stages through ports in a stage or port collar Stage collars are most commonly used - contain ports initially isolated by a sliding sleeve which can be moved downward/upward to open and close the port. Two types of collar opening methods : displaced plugs and free fall plugs Port collars can be opened or closed by mechanical action of an inner string such as drillpipe - rotation or vertical manipulation

Displacement Type Method

Free Fall Plug Method

Liner Cementing

Typical liner cementing procedures

Typical equipment used for liner cementing

Cement Evaluation

Evaluation of cement job can determine :

failure of cement to fill the casing-borehole annulus to minimum acceptable height failure to provide a seal at the casing shoe, or at the top of a liner failure to provide effective isolation of the zone(s) of interest

Cement Evaluation
Common evaluation technique include :

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Cement Bond Log (CBL) Variable Density Log (VDL) Cement Evaluation Tool (CET) Ultrasonic Borehole Imaging (USI) Segmented Bond Tool (SBT)

Thanks for your attention