INTRODUCTION:

The term water resource is used in a broad sense in scientific literature Physical , Chemical and Biological characteristics of water ,as well as Social , Political and Economic Considerations may constitute the scope of water resource. When a water resources project is designed all of these features are taken into account.

WATER RESOURCES MODELING

WATER RESOURCES MODELING

MANAGEMENT MODELING

TECHNOLOGICAL MODELING

SOCIOLOGI CAL MODELING

POLITICAL MODELING

ECONOMIC MODELING

PHYSICAL MODELING

CHEMICAL MODELING

BIOLOGICA L MODELING

GROUND AND SURFACE WATER RESOURCES:

As the nations concerns over water resources and the Environment increase, the importance of considering ground water and surface water as a single resources has become increasingly evident. The interaction of ground water and surface water has been shown to be a significant concern in many of these issues.

For Example: Contaminated aquifers that discharge of streams can result in long term contamination to surface water; conversely , streams can be a major source of contamination to aquifers.

Surface water commonly is hydraulically connected to ground water ,but the interactions are difficult to observe and measure

SURFACE WATER:
Surface water is water collecting on the ground or in a stream, river, lake, wetland, or ocean; it is related to water collecting as groundwater or atmospheric water. Surface water is naturally replenished by precipitation and naturally lost through discharge to evaporation and sub-surface seepage into the groundwater. Important for transportation, irrigation, water supply, hydropower, etc.

SURFACE Water Resources :

Hydrography: The rivers, streams, lakes and ponds located in any surface watershed area. Known wild trout areas: Streams where year-round populations of native wild trout are known to exist. Indicators of high quality cold water aquatic habitat. Basins and sub-basins (watersheds): The total land area draining into a given water body or system.

GROUNDWATER:
Groundwater is water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of lithologic formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water. The depth at which soil pore spaces or fractures and voids in rock become completely saturated with water is called the water table. Groundwater is also often withdrawn for agricultural, municipal and industrial use by constructing and operating extraction wells. The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater is hydrogeology, also called groundwater hydrology.

GROUND WATER RESOURCES:

Stratified drift deposits: Course grained alluvial deposits of sands and gravels with the potential to supply significant amounts of clean water for future residential or commercial use. The deeper the deposit, the greater the water yield is likely to be.

GROUND WATER RESOURCES EVALUATION UNDER PROVED CATEGORY:

Groundwater Resources of an area can be distinguished under two categories :

(A) Dynamic Water resources (B) Static Water Resources

Dynamic Water resources

Dynamic Groundwater Resources is that amount of water which is found in an aquifer due to Groundwater recharge. Total dynamic Groundwater recharge of the area can be estimated by assessing the various components of the following equation :
RT = Rr + Rs + Ri + Si + Rc Where RT = Total Recharge, Rr = Recharge from rainfall, Rs = Recharge from irrigation due to surface water, Ri = Recharge from irrigation due to groundwater, Si = Recharge due to influent seepages from steams/canals, Rc = Recharge to confined aquifer

Total groundwater Draft :

Total Groundwater draft in the area can be estimated by assessing the various components of the following equation : DT = Di + Dd + Din + Do + Det Where, DT : Total Groundwater discharge/draft, Di : Groundwater draft for irrigation, Dd : Groundwater draft for domestic use, Din : Groundwater draft for industrial use, Do : Groundwater discharge by way of natural outflow, Det : Groundwater discharge by way of evapotranspiration.

Static Groundwater Resources

Static Groundwater resource is the Groundwater occurring in the permanently saturated zone available below the natural water level fluctuation. These reserves can be utilized for emergency water needs during period of draught.

Utilizable Groundwater resources

Utilizable groundwater resources are worked out for long term sustainment. Total dynamic groundwater resources Total Groundwater draft (Brought on average rainfall) Static reserves are kept for emergency use and estimates are given for utilization of this component; When there is practically inadequate recharge in the years of deficient rainfall or drought.

IMPACT OF GROUNDWATER USAGE ON SURFACE WATER RESOURCES:

Surface water and groundwater systems often treated differently. In many states the laws for each are different. In many states the agencies regulating the two systems are separate.

Surface water and groundwater are intimately tied to one-another and can not be separated and treated independently of each other.
Ultimately, all surface waters and all groundwater are tied to precipitation.

All groundwater ultimately comes from surface water and often ends up as surface water.

Altering the flows in surface systems will directly impact the recharge to aquifer
systems. Groundwater pumping will eventually impact flows in surface water systems. Timing of the impacts may be on the order of days, weeks, months, years, or even centuries. Adequate understanding of the local surface water and groundwater systems, and the interactions between them, and the interdependency between them, are critical to attempts to utilize, develop, or manage systems Surface water systems are generally better studied and understood than the groundwater systems.

MANAGEMENT APPROACHES:
Historic Separation of Management:
Often came about as a result of practices in place as territories became states. Can lead to major economic and social problems as demands increase and supplies

dwindle.
Integrated Management Approach: Many states and agencies are adopting an integrated approach. Understanding the surface water system, the groundwater system, and the interrelationship and interdependency between them is a critical component. Adoption of an integrated approach will not be quick nor will it be possible in many areas due to the lack of basic knowledge.

Management Methodology: Physically-based methodology is critical. Physically-based methodology relies on real-world conditions.

Physically-based methodologies are compatible with both a historical separation approach and an integrated approach.
Role of Modeling:

Groundwater and surface water systems can be, and usually are complex systems.
Dealing with both systems and the interactions and interdependencies between them makes for very complex evaluations. Numerical models are ideally suited for complex systems with multiple parameters. Degree of complexity of the numerical model depends upon the questions being addresses, the level of detail required of the answers, and the limitations of the available data.

Role of Modeling (cont): Numerical models can be designed to evaluate limited situations or to address specific questions; or designed to evaluate a broad range of situations and to address a wide range of possible questions. Models are usually stand-alone tools; separate models can be linked to operate together where results from one model are used as inputs for another model or models. The best numerical modeling tool may be an integrated model; water and groundwater systems are within the same model. An integrated model ensures that the same data bases are being used for both systems and that the results are internally consistent.

Integrated models usually require a greater amount of field data and take significant amounts of time and resources to build, test, and calibrate.

Role of Technical Committee: There can be a significant amount of technical and historic data that needs to be evaluated and processed. Much of the technical data that is critical to the settlement process is complex and the evaluation of that data requires a high level of technical expertise in multiple disciplines. A technical committee is ideally suited for the evaluation of complex technical information. The technical committee should be composed of technical experts representing all the involved parties. It is absolutely critical that the technical committee operate in a completely transparent and open environment .

The technical committees responsibility is to evaluate the existing information, address the technical aspects of issues raised in the settlement process, and provide nonpartisan and unbiased recommendations to the settlement parties.

References:
http://www.westgov.org/wswc/talbot.pdf http://wi.water.usgs.gov/lmmcc/meetings/04spring/grannemann_groundwater.pdf http://repositories.cdlib.org/wrc/tcr/liang/ http://www.groundwaterindia.com/download/Ground-water-evaluation.pdf http://students.washington.edu/kramsey/KR_Thesis_Final.pdf http://www.halepaska.com/_images/p/mining2.jpg http://www.itia.ntua.gr/hsj/46/hysj_46_06_0983.pdf http://www.asprs.org/publications/pers/97journal/october/1997_oct_1219-1229.pdf http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/www3/acad/Regional-Bulletins/Modeling-Bulletin/modelingbulletin.pdf#page=54 http://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=07vH7Sf0v6MC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=evaluatio n+of+surface+water+resources+using+GIS&ots=agOxxyfajx&sig=d1TpQ3ir04AIF8QtuODkU8DL1J Q#v=onepage&q=&f=false http://rsgl.gis.umn.edu/Documents/RSE%2088-2003_Sawaya_High%20resolution.pdf http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/764775_758077589_713860788.pdf

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