Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Table of Contents
Paper Format
Slides 4-10
In-Text Citations
Slides 11-42
References
Slides 43-85
APA Websites
American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style. Retrieved from http://apastyle.apa.org/ The OWL at Purdue. (2012). APA formatting and style guide. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ The Writing Center @ The University of Wisconsin-Madison. (2011). APA documentation guide. Retrieved from http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPA.html
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Format: Basics
Font: Times New Roman, 12 point. 2 spaces after periods.
To ensure compliance with APA style requirements, use the current Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary as a default for spelling words. The dictionary can also be used as a resource for hyphenation, capitalization, etc.
Format: Numbers
Use figures for numbers 10 and above (12 of the subjects); for numbers above and below 10 grouped for comparison (2 of 16 responses); for numbers representing time, dates, and age (3 years ago, 2 hours 15 minutes); for numbers denoting a specific place in a series, book, or table (Table 3, Group 3, page 32). Use words for numbers below 10 that do not represent precise measurements (eight items, nine pages); for numbers beginning a sentence, title, or heading (Fortyeight percent responded; Ten subjects improved, and 4 subjects did not).
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In-Text Citations
Part 2
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In-Text Citations
When you use material from a source, you need to document that source. All quotations, paraphrases, and summaries must be cited in text. Using material from a source without citing that source is considered plagiarism; please reference GCUs policy on plagiarism in the University Policy Handbook.
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In-Text Citations
Two things to remember above all:
If an entry appears in text, it must have a corresponding entry in the Reference list unless it is a personal communication or a major classical work. Similarly, if an item appears in the References, then it must be cited somewhere in text. Enough information must be given in text for the reader to locate the item on the Reference list without difficulty.
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In-Text Citations
Authority Accountability Reasonableness Credibility Trustworthiness Integrity Confidence
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AARCTIC
In-Text Citations
Purpose: In-text citations give the author the AARCTIC without the frostbite of plagiarism. Consequently, any borrowed information, whether quoted directly, summarized, or paraphrased must exhibit a clear indication of its origin.
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In-Text Citations
Include as much of the following information in a citation within the body of a paper as possible:
Author
Absence of an author allows the use of a truncated version of the source documents title.
Copyright Year Location within the source document (e.g., page, paragraph, or section number).
Summaries and paraphrases do not necessarily require the location element, but it is not wrong to include it.
(Note: inverted name order and the space between the initials.)
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No author
Use a few words of the items title or the entire title (if it is short) in place of the author. Use quotation marks (for article) or italics (for book) around the title identifier.
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Remember: The key is to be absolutely sure that the reader can match an in-text citation to its entry in the reference list.
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Subsequent citations:
(NIMH, 1999).
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In-text citation will replace the author designation with one or two words from the title of the work. Reference list will promote the title of the work to the location of the author.
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Placement of the date in a citation is always directly linked to the mention of the author.
If the authors name appears in the signal phrase, follow it immediately by a parenthetical representation of the date.
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* Note: There is no comma between the first author and the ampersand when there are only two authors in the citation.
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Miele (1993) found the following: The placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. The behaviors were not exhibited again even when real drugs were given. (p. 40)
(Note: The use of double quotes within the block quote is permissible, and the comma appears within the double quotation marks.
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Adding emphasis
If you want to emphasize a word or words anywhere in an APA paper, italicize them. Do not put them in quotations marks or use a bold font. Within a quote, insert the bracketed tag [italics added] immediately after the italicized words.
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References
Part 3
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References
Purpose:
References are the map to the AARCTIC. References provide readers the path to directly access any and all source materials used within a document.
Bear in mind: Knowing the basics and finding the patterns behind APA citations will make it easier to cope with all of the exceptions.
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References: Must-Haves
Elements represented in Reference entries in order of importance: Author Editor Copyright date Title of work directly ascribed to the author Edition Title of harboring entity (e.g., magazine, journal name, newspaper, website, etc.) Publication information Publisher information Volume and issue number Page numbers Retrieval address or location (e.g., DOI number, website URL, or housing database)
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References: Format
Begin the reference list on a new page. Using References as the title or Reference if there is only a single source:
For each entry, use a hanging indent: The first line is flush left with remaining lines of the reference note indented a half inch. Alphabetize entries by authors last name. Double space. Use one space after all punctuation.
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Title is center aligned. If the references take up more than one page, do not re-type References on sequential pages, simply continue the list.
References Elkind, D. (1978). The child's reality: Three developmental themes. New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Issac, G. (1995). Is solar disorder timed? Adolescents, 30(118),
273-276.
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References: Authors
Single Author
Use only a complete surname and the first and middle initials of any author. Surname appears first followed by a comma. First initial period space middle initial period space.
Multiple Authors
Invert the order of the surnames and the initials of all authors. Separate authors from one another with a comma. Use an ampersand (&) before the last author.
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References: Authors
Editor with no author.
Place and represent the editors name as if it were the author. Immediately follow the name with (Ed.). for a single editor and (Eds.). when there is more than one editor.
(Note: The E is capitalized, there is a period after the abbreviation and a period after the closing parentheses.)
No author or editor:
Promote the title of the piece to main importance. Alphabetize by the first word of the title that is not an article (e.g., the, a, an).
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References: Authors
Same Author Variables
Apply an alphabetized designation immediately after the year. Use this identifier in-text, as well. Arrange alphabetically by title.
References: Authors
Same Author Variables
Same Authors, Different Year of Publication: List by publication date, from earliest to most recent.
Jones, J. R. , & Wright, K. (2000). Jones, J. R. , & Wright, K. (2001).
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Monthly items.
(1995, January).
(Note: All months must be completely spelled out. Do not abbreviate.)
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References: Titles
Initial Capitalization
Capitalize only the first word, the first word after a colon, and proper nouns in titles of books and articles.
Agony and you: How to survive really long, dry presentations.
Do not capitalize the second word of a hyphenated compound. (APA, 2010, p. 185)
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References: Titles
Do not use quotation marks or underlining as title designators. Use italics for titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and journals.
Note: For articles in periodicals, the rules of capitalization and italicizing are split between the title of the article and the title of the periodical:
Use special capitalization rules for the actual article, but do not italicize. Italicize the name of the periodical, but use the standard Heading capitalization rules.
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References: Titles
Title components within a reference listing require ending punctuation. Use a period unless there is a specific ending punctuation in the title.
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References: Editions
Book Edition.
Edition information appears in parentheses immediately following the title before the period. Use the designation of ed. with a lower-case e and a period. Example:
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
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Periodical Title (italicized) comma space volume number (italicized) open parentheses issue number close parentheses comma space page range period.
(Note: Do not include any designations or abbreviations, such as vol. for volume number or p. or pp. for page numbers, except where indicated in the APA manual.)
Example:
Examples Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229. doi:10.1037/02786133.24.2.225
Examples
APA Reference Notes
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Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher. Daresh, J. C. (2004). Beginning the assistant principalship: A practical guide for new school administrators. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
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Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher. Feldman, P. R. (Ed.). (1997). British women poets of the romantic era. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.
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Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxx
Shotton, M.A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency [DX Reader version]. Retrieved from http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/ html/index.asp
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Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of chapter or entry. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher. Haybron, D. M. (2008). Philosophy and the science of subjective well-being. In M. Eid & R. J. Larsen (Eds.), The science of subjective well-being (pp. 17-43). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
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Entry title. (Year). In A. Editor (Ed.), Title of reference work (xx ed., Vol. xx, pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher.
Heuristic. (2007). In J. Smith (Ed.), The book of words (7th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 65-66). New York, NY: Jones and Lawrence.
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Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article. Journal Title, Volume(Issue), xxx-xxx. Light, M. A., & Light, I. H. (2008). The geographic expansion of Mexican immigration in the United States and its implications for local law enforcement. Law Enforcement Executive Forum Journal, 8(1), 73-82.
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Black, C. (2011). Women and addiction: From Betty Ford to Amy Winehouse. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday. com/blog/ the-many-faces-addiction/201107/womenand-addiction-betty-ford-amy-winehouse
Note: This is the basic format for stand-alone articles on the Internet. If there is no author, move the title to the author position.
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See the 6th edition of the APA Manual, Chapter 7, for additional examples and more specific information on preparing reference notes for a wider variety of sources, especially for electronic sources such as eBooks and online sources including data sets, software, and discussion forums.
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Resources
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. American Psychological Association. (2012). APA style. Retrieved from http://apastyle.apa.org/ Cornell University Library. (2012). APA citation style. Retrieved from http://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.html Hacker, D. (2006). APA research paper. Retrieved from http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA.pdf
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Resources
Hacker, D. (2007a). A writers reference (6th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martins. Hacker, D. (2007b). A writers reference (6th ed.). Retrieved from http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player/Pages/Main.aspx Indiana University Bloomington. (2011). Help with citing (APA, Chicago, MLA). Retrieved from http://www.libraries.iub.edu/index.php?pageId=337
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Resources
The OWL at Purdue. (2012). APA formatting and style guide. Retrieved from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Reference
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
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