Tariff refers to the duties or taxes imposed on internationally traded goods when they cross the national borders.

Non Tariff Barriers (NTBs) are described as new protectionism measures.

A tariff is a tax on imports. Tarrifs come in two different types:

Revenue-producing: a source of federal income
Protective: raises the price of imports to encourage consumers to buy locally made goods.

Ad Valorem Duty
Specific Duty

An import duty levied as a percentage of the invoice value of imported goods

A fixed sum levied on a physical unit of an imported good

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Import bans General or product-specific quotas Complex/discriminatory Rules of Origin Quality conditions imposed by the importing country on the exporting countries Unjustified Sanitary conditions Unreasonable/unjustified packaging, labeling, product standards Complex regulatory environment Determination of eligibility of an exporting country by the importing country Determination of eligibility of an exporting establishment (firm, company) by the importing country. Additional trade documents like Certificate of Origin, Certificate of Authenticity etc

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Occupational safety and health regulation Employment law Import licenses State subsidies, procurement, trading, state ownership Export subsidies Fixation of a minimum import price Product classification Quota shares Multiplicity and Controls of Foreign exchange market Inadequate infrastructure "Buy national" policy Over-valued currency Restrictive licenses Seasonal import regimes Corrupt and/or lengthy customs procedures

The first category includes those which are generally used by developing countries to prevent foreign exchange outflows.
Import quotas Import licensing Foreign exchange regulation Canalization of imports

The second category of NTBs are those which are mostly used by developed economies to protect domestic industries which have lost international competitiveness and/or which are politically sensitive for govt. of these countries.
Voluntary Export Restraint (VER)

QUOTA:

Quantitative restriction are considered as quota in international trade. Quota may be export quota & import quota. Types of import quota:

Tariff Quota is combination of both tariff and quota. Import of a commodity up to a specified volume are allowed duty free or low duty. Unilateral Quota is fixed by a country the ceiling on the quantity too be imported of a particular commodity. Bilateral Quota results from negotiations between importing and supplier country. Mixing Quota: Here producers are obliged to utilise domestic raw materials up to a certain proportion of a finished product.

LICENSING:

Voluntary Export Restraints

Quota regulations are administered by means of licensing. The prospective importers are obliged to obtain a license from the authorities. Useful in controlling the quantity of imports. These are bilateral arrangements instituted to restrain the rapid growth of exports of specific manufactured good. The exporting country voluntarily restrains the export of the specified product in order to protect domestic industry or help other country to reduce its trade deficit.

 Safeguard enables countries to undertake temporary restrictions. It comes under WTO Article XIX. Standards: imposed by developed countries on classification, labeling and testing of products in order to be able to sell domestic products, but also to block sales of products of foreign manufacture to hinder the exports of developing countries. Customs Procedures: It became one of the trade barriers. Embargo is a total ban on specific goods coming into and leaving a country. An embargo can be imposed for different reasons like poisoned or defective goods, political reasons etc.

Import Deposits: is a form of deposit that the importer must pay the bank for a specific period of time.. Exchange Controls through central banks or government agencies regulate the buying and selling of currency to shape foreign exchange in accordance with national policy. Protectionism is a governments establishment of economic policies that systematically restrict imports in order to protect domestic industries. It is the opposite of free trade.

Customs Procedures: acts as barrier as in the case of Japans frequent changes in customs regulation. Consular Formalities: like certification of export documents by the respective consulates, of the importing country in the exporting country. Environmental Protection Laws Miscellaneous