ECE 874: Physical Electronics

Prof. Virginia Ayres Electrical & Computer Engineering Michigan State University ayresv@msu.edu

Lecture 02, 04 Sep 12

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Silicon crystallizes in the diamond crystal structure Fig. 1.5 (a):

Notice real covalent bonds versus definition of imaginary cubic unit cell
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VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

Corners: 8 x 1/8 = 1 Faces: 6 x = Inside: 4 x 1 = 3 4

Atoms in the Unit cell: 8

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What do you need to know to answer (b)? Size of a cubic Unit cell is a3, where a is the lattice constant (Wurtzite crystal structure is not cubic)

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1
Which pair are nearest neighbors? O-1 O-2 O-3

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1
Which pair are nearest neighbors? O-1 O-2 O-3 z a/2 a/2

O
y x

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(1/4, , ) is given To get this from drawing would need scale marks on the axes

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1
Which pair are nearest neighbors? O-1 O-2 O-3 z a/2 a/2

O
y x

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Directions for fcc (like Pr. 1.1 (b)): 8 atoms positioned one at each corner. 6 atoms centered in the middle of each face.

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The inside atoms of the diamond structure are all the ( , , ) locations that stay inside the box:

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All the ( , , ) locations are:

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You can match all pink atoms with a blue fcc lattice, copied from slide 12:

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You can match all bright and light yellow atoms with a green fcc lattice copied from slide 12:

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Therefore: the diamond crystal structure is formed from two interpenetrating fcc lattices

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But only 4 of the (, , ) atoms are inside the cubic Unit cell.

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Now let the pink atoms be gallium (Ga) and the yellow atoms be arsenic (As). This is a zinc blende lattice.

Compare with Fig. 1.5 (b)

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Note that there are 4 complete molecules of GaAs in the cubic Unit cell.

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Example problem: find the molecular density of GaAs and verify that it is: 2.21 x 1022 molecules/cm3 = the value given on page 13.

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Increasing numbers of important compounds crystallize in a wurtzite crystal lattice:

Hexagonal symmetry Fig. 1.3 forms a basic hexagonal Unit cell

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) crystallizes in a wurtzite lattice Fig. 1.6 inside a hexagonal Unit cell

Wurtzite: all sides = a

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Example problem: verify that the hexagonal Unit cell volume is:

3 3 2 a c 2
= the value given on page 13.

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Hexagonal volume = 2 triangular volumes plus 1 rectangular volume

a 120o a

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VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

VM Ayres, ECE874, F12

Hexagonal volume = 2 triangular volumes plus 1 rectangular volume

a 120o a

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Work out the parallel planes for CdS:

3S
7 Cd 7S 3 Cd 3S

7 Cd

Note: tetrahedral bonding inside

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How many equivalent S atoms are inside the hexagonal Unit cell? Define the c distance as between S-S (see Cd-Cd measure for c in Fig. 1.6 (a) )

3S

7S

3S

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How much of each S atom is inside:

Hexagonal: In plane: 1/3 inside

Hexagonal: Interior plane Top to bottom: all inside: 1

Therefore: vertex atoms = 1/3 X 1 = 1/3 inside 6 atoms x 1/3 each = 2

Also have one inside atom in the middle of the hexagonal layer: 1
Total atoms from the hexagonal arrangement = 3
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How much of each atom is inside:

Note: the atoms on the triangular arrangement never hit the walls of the hexagonal Unit cell so no 1/3 stuff. But: they are chopped by the top and bottom faces of the hexagonal Unit cell: = atoms.

Therefore have: 3 S atoms inside on each 3-atom layer layers: = 3/2 each layer
Total atoms from triangular arrangements = 2 x 3/2 = 3

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How many equivalent S atoms are inside the hexagonal Unit cell? Total equivalent S atoms inside hexagonal Unit cell = 6

3S

3/2

7S

3S

3/2

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Pr. 1.3 plus an extra requirement will be assigned for HW:

You are required to indentify N as the Cd atoms in Fig. 1.6 (a)

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So youll count the numbers of atoms for the red layers for HW, with c = the distance between Cd-Cd layers as shown.

Cd N:

7 Cd

3 Cd

7 Cd

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