POSITION

Pilotage (coastal navigation); Cross bearing; The cocked hat; A running fix; Dead reckoning; Astronomical navigation; Satellite.
s

PILOTAGE

When sailing along the coast, compassbearings of conspicuous objects are taken at regular intervals.

PILOTAGE

A CONSPICUOUS OBJECT (CONSPIC) is an object on land or at sea, which is mentioned and described in the pilot book.

CROSS BEARING
Cross bearings form an intersection of twobearing lines thathave been taken of two conspicuous objects.

If possible, a third bearing (check line) is taken of a third conspic.

X
X X
Cocked Hat
As the ship isproceeding, a triangle is formed by the two bearing lines and the check line.

When there is only one conspicuous object, a position fix is made by taking two bearings of that same conspic at interval.

Course line

16

50 380

The first bearing is taken at 16.50 hrs; log reading: distance travelled = 380 nautical miles.

X
Course line

16

50 380

16 55 381
The second bearing is taken at 16.55 hrs; log reading: distance travelled = 381 nautical miles. (the angle between the 2 bearing lines must be >30 degr.)

X
Course line

16

50 380

16 55 381
With the aid of a chart divider1is measured from the chart scale and transferred to the course line.

X
16
50 380

16 55 381
The position of the ship is at the intersection of the second bearing line with the line that runs parallel to the first bearing line.

By Dead Reckoning is meant finding ones position by taking into consideration: 1. Last Known Position 2. Course and Speed 3. Sea and Weather Conditions.

sound

ASTRONOMICAL NAVIGATION
With astronomical navigation (celestial navigation) observations are taken of the sun, the moon or the stars (celestial bodies) with the aid of a sextant.

SEXTANT-BEARING
The angle between a celestial bodyand the horizon is measured.

With the aid of the chronometer and the tables in the nautical almanac the ships position can be determined.

Altitude and Azimuth of the Sun at the Horizon

SATELLITE-BEARING
When taking a satellite bearing by means of the Global Positioning System a signal is transmitted from a satellite, indicating the vessels position on the GPS - display.

With the aid of the echo sounder the depth of the water can be determined.
s

sound

TAKING SOUNDINGS
A signal is transmitted to the sea bed. This signal bounces back and is received again by the echo sounder.

From the time elapsed between transmission and reception of the signal, the depth of the water can be determined.

Ocean Bottom

AZIMUTH = The horizontal direction or bearing of a celestial point from a terrestrial point, expressed as the angular distance from a reference direction measured from 000 clockwise to 360. COURSE = The direction in w/c a vessel is steered or intended to be steered expressed as angular distance from north usually from 000 clockwise / counterclockwise through 360 HEADING = The horizontal direction in w/c ship usually points or heads at any instant, expressed in angular units from 000 clockwise to 360. TRACK = The path of intended travel of a ship with respect to the Earth as drawn in the chart

TRUE HEADING NORTH

By heading is meant: the angle between the fore-and-aft line and True North.

SOUND

COURSE
By course is meant: the direction in which the vessel is steered. It is expressed in degrees.

sound

HEADING AND COURSE

Do not confuse heading and course; heading constantly changes due to sea- and wind influences and and steering errors.

TRACK
The track consists of one or a number of course lines along which the navigator intends to proceed.

WK

sound

SCALE
RATIO OF A LENGTH ON A CHART TO THE ACTUAL LENGTH ON THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. A. REPRESENTIVE FRACTION OR NUMERICAL SCALE ( EX. 1:50,000 ) B. GRAPHIC SCALE EXAMPLE: CHARTS ACCORDING TO SCALE: 1.SMALL SCALE - COVERS LARGE AREA 2.LARGE SCALE COVERS SMALL AREA

Speed of Advance = The speed made good along the track or the average speed in knots w/c must be maintained during a passage to arrived at a destination. Speed Made Good = The speed estimated by dividing the last fix and an EP by the time between the fix and the EP. Speed on the Water = The speed obtained by the vessel after allowing for the effects of current, wind, waves, swell etc. It is also known as Speed Made Good.

COURSE OVER GROUND

C

By course over ground is understood the course that the ship will follow if no allowances are made for the effects caused by wind and sea (the vessel will end up in C).
sound S

COURSE MADE GOOD

By course made good is understood the course that the ship will follow after allowing for the effects caused by wind and sea.

sound

4th Quadrant ( - ) 360

W

1st Quadrant AS IS
E

180 00 S 83 22E ( - ) 96 38

3rd Quadrant ( + ) 180

S

2nd Quadrant ( - ) 180

 Sailing Directions = A descriptive book containing information of coastal waters, harbor facilities of an area. 2 Kinds of Sailing Direction 1. Enroute = consist of 37 volumes describing features of coastline, ports and harbors. 2. Planning Guide = consist of 10 volumes describe the general features of 8 ocean basins of the world.

 97. You are in long 175 W and heading 270, where do you change clocks? A. 172 30 E B. 165 30 E C. 172 30 W D. 180

172 30 E 175 W

CO. =270

-10
150 E 165 E

-11
180 IDL

12
165 W

+11
150 W

-11

12

+11

+10