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Chapter 4 : The Variety of Resources on Earth


4.1 The Various Resources on Earth The various resources on Earth 4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Elements Metals Non-metals Comparison between metals and non-metals Compounds Common properties
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Chapter 4 : The Variety of Resources on Earth


4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures Formation of compounds Mixtures Common properties Mixture separation techniques Difference between compounds and mixtures 4.3 To Appreciate the Importance of Earths Resources To appreciate the importance of Earths resources
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth


Living things

Water

The various resources on earth

Soil

Minerals Fossil fuels


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Air
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth


Water
Importance of water to humans and animals Carries nutrients to all cells in our body Removes waste (urea) in the urine and sweat Dissolves chemicals for metabolic activities in the cell Comprises 90% of the cells protoplasm Importance of water to plants Makes food during photosynthesis Transports organic material (glucose) Supports aquatic plants to stand in water
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth


Living things
Importance of living things to humans
Provides food as a source of energy to carry out living processes Provides building material Provides clothes to protect body from cold and heat

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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth


Soil
Importance of soil Habitat for living things Humus fertilises the soil and is suitable for farming Contains mineral salts needed for the growth and development of plants

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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth


Air
Importance of oxygen For respiration of living cells Needed in burning (support burning) Importance of carbon dioxide Produces food during photosynthesis Composition in fire extinguishers Importance of nitrogen Produces fertilisers Fills light bulbs to protect the filament from oxidation
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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth


Fossil fuels
Example : Coal, petroleum and natural gas As important source of energy Used to generate electricity in power stations Burning of fossil fuels provide energy to vehicles

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4.1 The Various Resources on Earth


Minerals
Found in the soil Importance of mineral Steel is used for construction Copper is used to make electric cables

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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Elements Substances which cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical or physical methods Atom; elements consist of individual particles example copper Molecule; elements consist of combined atoms of the same type example oxygen gas
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Metals Copper : Used to make water pipes and electrical cables Gold : As jewellery Aluminium : Construct aircraft bodies Tin : As coating of food cans Iron : Make cooking utensils
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Non-metals Oxygen : For respiration, combustion and produces oxy-acetylane flames for welding Hydrogen : As rocket fuel, fills weather balloons and is used to make margarine Carbon : As pencil leads
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Comparison between metals and non-metals Properties Metals Non-metals

Appearance
Conduction electricity Hardness
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Shiny and can be Dull and cannot polished be polished Good conductor Poor conductor of electricity of electricity Hard
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Soft
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Comparison between metals and non-metals Properties Metals Non-metals

Conduction of heat Is the substance malleable?


Is the material ductile?

Good conductor of heat


Yes can be beaten into any shape

Poor conductor of heat No because nonmetals are brittle

Yes can be pulled No into wires


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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Compounds Compounds are substances made up of two or more elements which are chemically combined Example : A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
One oxygen atom
Two hydrogen atoms

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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Common properties Formed by chemical reaction which involve exchange of energy Properties of a compound differ from the properties of its constituent elements The compounds can only be broken down into its constituent elements by chemical methods such as electrolysis The elements in a compound are joined together in a definite ratio
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Formation of compounds Combination of different elements Magnesium strip Oxygen Heat Formation of magnesium oxide
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Gas released

4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Formation of compounds Combination of elements and compounds Colourless oxygen Colourless nitrogen oxide

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Brown fumes of nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogen oxide
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+ Oxygen Formation of nitrogen dioxide


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Nitrogen dioxide

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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Formation of compounds Combination of different compounds Colourless Cover hydrogen removed chloride Colourless ammonia
Ammonia (compound)

Dense white fumes ammonium chloride

Hydrogen + chloride (compound)

Ammonium chloride (compound)

Formation of ammonium chloride


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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Mixtures A mixture consists of two or more substances that have been physically combined Mixture model
Element y Compound p Element y

Compound q Mixture of elements

Compound q Mixture of compounds


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Compound q Mixture of an elements and a compounds


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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Common properties Formed by physical methods which does not involve chemical reactions Properties of constituents in a mixture is preserved Can be separated easily through physical methods The substances in a mixture can be mixed in indefinite ratio

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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Mixture separation techniques
Separating funnel Oil
Water

Evaporating dish
Tripod stand Bunsen burner Evaporation (water and salt)

Beaker Separating funnel (water and oil)


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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Mixture separation techniques
Magnet Water + sand Residue Iron filings + Sulphur powder

Filtrate Filtration (water and sand)


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Magnetic separation (iron and sulphur)

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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Mixture separation techniques
Solvent evaporates and changes into vapour The solution is heated Heat
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Cooling water outlet

Cooling water inlet

Distillate

Distillation (petroleum)
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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Differences between compunds and mixtures
Compounds
Formed through chemical methods

Aspects
Formation method

Mixtures
Formed through physical methods Does not form new substances Does not absorb or release heat energy

Formed new substances


Absorbs or releasas heat energy
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New substances
Energy changes

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4.2 Elements, Compounds and Mixtures


Differences between compunds and mixtures
Compounds Combines in a fixed ratio Cannot be identified Can only use chemical method Differ from the compounds Aspects Mixtures

Combination ratio of Combines in any substances ratio Identification of Easily identified constituents Separation techiques Can use physical of constituents method Properties of constituents
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Preserved
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4.3 To Appreciate the Importance of Earths Resources


Preservation means maintaining certain areas of the Earth in their natural condition Examples, setting up of forest reserves, state parks, national parks and marine parks To ensure that the flora and fauna in these protected areas would still be around for future generation to see
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4.3 To Appreciate the Importance of Earths Resources


Conservation means the sustainable use and management of the Earths resources Also means using Earths resources wisely and not in wasteful ways The practise of reusing and recycling of materials is a way to ensure that resources on Earth will be there for our use as well as for the use of future generations

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4.3 To Appreciate the Importance of Earths Resources


Reusing : To use discarded or unwanted materials to save on natures resources Recycling : The processing of waste materials to become useful things in order to save Earths resources

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Bab 4 : Kepelbagaian Sumber di Bumi


4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi Pelbagai sumber di Bumi 4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran Unsur Logam Bukan logam Perbandingan di antara logam dengan bukan logam Sebatian Sifat-sifat biasa
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Bab 4 : Kepelbagaian Sumber di Bumi


4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran Pembentukan sebatian Campuran Sifat-sifat biasa Teknik pemisahan campuran Perbezaan di antara sebatian dengan campuran 4.3 Menghargai Kepentingan Sumber Bumi Menghargai kepentingan sumber bumi
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi


Benda hidup

Air

Pelbagai sumber di Bumi

Tanih

Mineral

Bahan api fosil

Udara
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi


Air
Kepentingan air kepada manusia dan haiwan Membawa nutrien ke seluruh sel dalam badan Menyingkirkan bahan buangan seperti air kencing dan peluh Melarutkan bahan kimia untuk aktiviti metabolisme dalam sel Mengandungi 90% sel protoplasma Kepentingan air kepada tumbuhan Membuat makanan semasa fotosintesis Mengangkut bahan organik (glukosa) Menyokong tumbuhan air untuk kekal di dalam air
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi


Benda hidup
Kepentingan benda hidup kepada manusia Membekalkan makanan sebagai sumber tenaga untuk meneruskan proses kehidupan Membekalkan bahan bangunan Membekalkan pakaian untuk melindungi badan daripada kesejukan dan kepanasan

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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi


Tanih
Kepentingan tanih Tempat tinggal bagi benda hidup Menyuburkan tanih dan sesuai ubtuk pertanian Mengandungi garam mineral yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan dan pembangunan tumbuhan

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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi


Udara
Kepentingan oksigen Untuk pernafasan sel hidup Diperlukan untuk pembakaran Kepentingan karbon dioksida Menghasilkan makanan semasa fotosintesis Komposisi dalam alat pemadam api Kepentingan nitrogen Menghasilkan baja Diisi dalam mentol lampu bagi mencegah filamen daripada pengoksidaan
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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi


Bahan api fosil
Contoh : Arang batu, petroleum dan gas asli Penting sebagai sumber tenaga Digunakan untuk menjana kuasa elektrik Pembakaran bahan api fosil membekalkan tenaga kepada kenderaan

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4.1 Pelbagai Sumber di Bumi


Mineral
Dijumpai di dalam tanih Kepentingan mineral Keluli digunakan dalam pembinaan Tembaga digunakan dalam kabel elektrik
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Unsur Bahan yang tidak boleh diuraikan ke dalam bentuk ringkas dengan kaedah fizikal atau kimia Atom; unsur-unsur yang mengandungi zarahnya sahaja contoh kuprum Molekul; Unsur-unsur yang mengandungi gabungan atom yang sama jenis contoh gas oksigen
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Logam Tembaga: Membuat paip air dan kabel elektrik Emas : Sebagai barang kemas Aluminium : Membuat badan pesawat terbang Timah : Sebagai penyadur tin makanan Besi : Membuat perkakas masakan
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Bukan logam Oksigen : Pernafasan, pembakaran dan menghasilkan api oksi-acetilan untuk pengimpalan Hidrogen : Sebagai bahan api roket, mengisi belon cuaca dan membuat marjerin Karbon : Sebagai grafit pensel

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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Perbandingan di antara logam dan bukan logam Sifat-sifat Logam Berkilat dan boleh digilap Konduktor elektrik yang baik Keras Bukan logam Pudar dan tidak boleh digilap Konduktor elektrik yang lemah Lembut
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Rupa bentuk
Pengaliran elektrik Kekerasan

4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Perbandingan di antara logam dan bukan logam Sifat-sifat Pengaliran haba Logam Bukan logam

Konduktor haba yang baik

Konduktor haba yang lemah

Adakah bahan ini mudah ditempa?


Adakah bahan ini mulur?

Ya boleh dibentuk Tidak kerana dalam pelbagai bukan logam bentuk adalah rapuh Ya boleh ditarik menjadi wayar Tidak
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Sebatian Sebatian adalah bahan yang terdiri daripada dua atau lebih unsur yang terikat secara kimia Contoh: Molekul air terdiri daripada dua aotm hidrogen dan satu atom oksigen
Satu atom oksigen Dua atom hidrogen
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Sifat-sifat biasa Dibentuk oleh tindak balas kimia yang melibatkan pertukaran tenaga Sifat-sifat sebatian berbeza daripada sifat-sifat unsur bahagiannya Sebatian hanya boleh diuraikan ke dalam unsur bahagiannya melalui kaedah kimia seperti elektrolisis Unsur-unsur dalam sebatian bergabung bersama dalam nisbah tertentu
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Pembentukan sebatian Gabungan unsir-unsur yang berlainan Pita magnesium

Oksigen
Haba Pembentukan magnesium oksida

Gas dibebaskan

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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Pembentukan sebatian Gabungan unsur dan sebatian
Oksigen tidak Penutup berwarna disingkirkan Nitrogen oksida tidak berwarna Wasap perang nitrogen dioksida

Nitrogen oksida

+ Oksigen

Nitrogen dioksida
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Pembentukan sebatian Gabungan sebatian yang berlainan
Hidrogen klorida tidak berwarna Ammonia tidak berwarna
Ammonia (sebatian) Hidrogen + klorida (sebatian) Penutup disingkirkan Wasap putih yang tebal ammonium klorida

Ammonium klorida (sebatian)

Pembentukan ammonium klorida


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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Campuran Campuran terdiri daripada dua atau lebih bahan yang bergabung secara fizik Model campuran Unsur y
Unsur y Sebatian p

Unsur x Campuran unsur

Sebatian q Campuran sebatian

Sebatian q Campuran unsur dan sebatian


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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Sifat-sifat biasa Dibentuk dengan kaedah fizik yang tidak melibatkan tindak balas kimia Sifat-sifat bahagian dalam campuran dikekalkan Boleh dipisahkan dengan senang melalui fizikal Bahan dalam campuran boleh dicampur dalam nisbah yang tidak tetap

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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Teknik pemisahan campuran
Corong pemisah Minyak
Air Mangkuk penyejatan Kaki retort Penunu Bunsen Bikar Corong pemisahan (air dan minyak) Penyejatan (air dan garam)
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Teknik pemisahan campuran

Magnet Air + Pasir

Sisa
Besi + Serbuk sulfur Hasil turasan Penurasan (air dan pasir) Pemisahan magnetik (besi dan sulfur)
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Teknik pemisahan campuran
Air sejuk keluar Pelarut menyejat dan berubah kepada wap Larutan dipanaskan Haba Air sejuk masuk

Sulingan
Penyulingan (petroleum)
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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Perbezaan di antara sebatian dan campuran
Sebatian
Dibentuk melalui kaedah kimia Membentuk bahan baru

Aspek
Kaedah pembentukan

Campuran
Dibentuk melalui kaedah fizik Tidak membentuk bahan baru

New substances Perubahan tenaga

Menyerap atau membebaskan tenaga haba

Tidak menyerap atau membebaskan tenaga haba


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4.2 Unsur, Sebatian dan Campuran


Perbezaan di antara sebatian dan campuran
Sebatian
Bergabung dalam nisbah yang tetap

Aspek

Campuran
Bergabung dalam apaapa nisbah

Tidak dapat dikenal pasti Hanya boleh menggunakan kaedah kimia


Berbeza daripada sebatian

Nisbah gabungan bahan Pengenalpastian bahagian


Teknik pemisahan bahagian Sifat-sifat bahagian

Mudah dikenal pasti Boleh menggunakan kaedah fizikal Dikekalkan


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4.3 Menghargai Kepentingan Sumber Bumi


Pemeliharaan bermaksud memelihara kawasan tertentu dalam keadaan asalnya Contohnya menetapkan hutan simpan, taman negeri, taman negara dan taman marin Memastikan flora dan fauna di kawasan tersebut dilindungi untuk generasi yang akan datang

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4.3 Menghargai Kepentingan Sumber Bumi


Pemuliharaan bermaksud mengekalkan dan menguruskan sumber Bumi Mengguna semula sumber Bumi dengan bijak dan tidak mealkukan pembaziran Amalan guna semula dan kitar semula bahan merupakan salah satu cara untuk memastikan sumber Bumi mencukupi untuk kita gunakan dan untuk generasi akan datang

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4.3 Menghargai Kepentingan Sumber Bumi


Guna semula: Menggunakan bahan terbuang untuk menyelamatkan sumber semula jadi Kitar semula : Proses bahan buangan menjadi bahan berguna bagi menyelamatkan sumber bumi

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