CHAPTER II GENETICS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

BEHAVIOR GENETICS

Seeks to determine the extent to which our behavior and the rest of our individual differences can be attributed to genes

BEHAVIOR GENETICS

NURTURE- believed that some personality traits like being SHY have been attributed to the environment. For example , the person is shy because when he was a child, he did not have enough opportunities to interact with others. NATURE- research study showed that some personality traits such as AGGRESION, SHYNESS, etc. and even PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER can be INHERITED

MECHANISM OF HEREDITY

HEREDITY OR NATURE

-Is the transmission of physical as well as psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through the genes.

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY

GONADS (Testes and Ovaries)Produce gametes or the cell responsible for the reproduction of sperms and ova respectively.

Testes Sperms Ovaries Ova

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY

OVULATION

The period when one of the ovaries releases a fertile egg or mature egg at least once a month.

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY

The nucleus of every cells (sperms & ova) contains 23 pairs of CHROMOSOMES made up of DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID), acting as a code for genetic information.

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY

When the sperms and eggs become mature (they become ready for reproduction, a certain kind of cell division, known as meiosis, takes place).

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY

TWO KINDS OF CELL DIVISION

1.) MEIOSIS-Splitting of the cell happens, leaving each mature sperm and each mature egg with only 23 single chromosomes. 2.) MITOSIS-The zygote with all its component chromosomes, reproduces itself. Thus, this kind of cell division means cell REPRODUCTION and not cell seperation.

SPERM23 PAIRS

EGG- 23 PAIRS

At Maturity splitting of cell happens (MEIOSIS) living each mature cells with only 23 SINGLE CHROMOSOMES At fertilization
sperm and egg cell pairs again to create new human with 23 pairs of chromosome- egg cellMOTHER, sperm cellFATHER

Through 2nd cell division, (MITOSIS)-ZYGOTE reproduces itself. Zygote will reside to UTERUS and After 9 MONTHS, BILLIONS OF CELLS will have been formed

After 9 months

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY

UTERUS (Womb)
A

fist-sized, pear shaped organ which becomes HOME for the new organism in the form of zygote (fertilized egg) for the next 9 months.

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY

GENES True Units of heredity as they determine the inherited features and potentials of the new developing organism. Genes always work in pairs which comes from mother and father. Sometimes paired genes are: Identical- single type of gene determine features and sometimes (Polygenic)-NOT identical, interaction different genes determine the physical features

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
Single type of Gene Determination (identical genes) Mother Father
GAVE BLUE EYES GENE GAVE BLUE EYES GENE

PAIRED IDENTICAL GENES RESULTS TO

CHILD
BLUE EYES

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
GENOTYPE-Genes that the person inherits from the parents that make up his genetic constitution. Some genes are not being showed up or observable.
PHENOTYPE- The outcome or the observable characteristics, will depend on which gene is dominant and which gene is recessive

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
DOMINANT GENE- one whose trait always SHOWS UP when paired with another gene. RECESSIVE GENE-one whose characteristic will NOT be OBSERVABLE when paired with a dominant gene.

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
DOMINANT
BROWN EYES OR DARK EYES DARK OR BUNETTE HAIR CURLY HAIR NORMAL HAIR NORMAL COLOR VISION NORMAL SIGHT

RECESSIVE
BLUE OR LIGHTCOLORED EYES LIGHT, BLONDE, OR RED HAIR STRAIGHT HAIR BALDNESS COLOR BLINDNESS NIGHT BLINDNESS

NORMAL HEARING
NORMAL SKIN COLOR

CONGENITAL DISEASE
ALBINISM

.MECHANISM OF HEREDITY
Polygenic Gene Determination (NOT identical genes) Mother Father
GAVE BROWN EYES GENE

GAVE BLUE EYES GENE

DOMINANT GENE (BROWN ) PAIRED WITH RECESSIVE GENE (BLUE)

CHILD
BROWN EYES

(GENOTYPE)

FATHER
(GENOTYPE)

BROWN EYES

(GENOTYPE)

BLUE EYES

(PHENOTYPE)

(PHENOTYPE)

BROWN EYES

BROWN EYES

BROWN EYES

MOTHE R

(GENOTYPE)

(PHENOTYPE)

BLUE EYES

BROWN EYES

(PHENOTYPE)

BLIUE EYES

LEGEND: G-GENOTYPE BOTH FATHER AND MOTHER HAVE BROWN EYE AND BLUE EYE GENES. ON THE AVERAGE, THREE OF THE CHILDREN WILL HAVE BROWN EYES (TWO OF THEM NOW CARRIES THE BLUE EYE-GENE) AND ONE WILL HAVE BLUE EYES.

GENETIC ABNORMALITIES

Genes are genuine link to our ancestors since they are passed from generation to generation. If ABNORMALITIES have NOT been appearing in the PREVIOUS GENERATION, their presence in NEW GENERATION is due to. MUTATION- A process where genes become altered or damaged resulting in defective characteristics.

GENETIC ABNORMALITIES

HUNTINGTONS DISEASE
A

fatal disorder that involves LOSS OF MOTOR CONTROL and PROGRESSIVE DETERIORATION of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The Disorder is caused by a single dominant gene, but does not emerge until adulthood.

GENETIC ABNORMALITIES

DOWN SYNDROME OR TRISOMY 21

Children

born with TRIO INSTEAD OF TWO CHROMOSOMES in 21st PAIR. Result develop a distinctive physical appearance and retarded intellectual growth. The condition is named after John Langdon

GENETIC ABNORMALITIES

ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
A

degenerative disorder (getting worse as time passes by). Early onset happens at 40 years old. Involves LOSS of memory and increased confusion in the later period of life.

WITH ALZHEIMERS

In AD, specific neuropathologic and biochemical changes are thought to result in decreased brain size and decrease in acetylcholine production, which leads to shrinking and dying of several brain areas. Wrinkles along its surface become smoother

WITH ALZHEIMERS

MULTPLE BIRTHS

IDENTICAL TWINS (MONOZYGOTIC TWINS)

Develop from ONE ZYGOTE that actually splits in the first cell division. Twins share 100 % of genes. Thus, cant be boy and girl. As mentioned previously, in mitosis, cell division does not mean cell separation rather cell E reproduces itself together with its DNA contents.

REPLICATES

DEVELOPED INTO SEPARATE INDIVIDUALS WITH SIMILAR FEATURES

MULTPLE BIRTHS
Conjoined twins are monozygotic multiples that do not fully separate from each other due to the incomplete division of the fertilized ovum. The individuals will be connected at certain points of the body, and may share tissue, organs or limbs.

MULTPLE BIRTHS

FRATERNAL TWINS (DIZYGOTIC TWINS)

Develop

from TWO DIFFERENT ZYGOTE that have been formed when TWO MATURE EGGS were fertilized by TWO MATURE SPERMS. Dizygotic Twins- are no more ALIKE genetically. Thus, different also in physical features. They shared only 50% genes just like ordinary brothers and sisters born at different times. It can be boy and girl twin.E S E S
DIFFERENT ZYGOTE

F. TWIN A

F. TWIN B

SEX DETERMINATION

The sex of the child is DETERMINE BY THE FATHER and not by the mother. Sex chromosomes are called Gonosomes In females- XX In male-Xy X is a LARGER chromosome y is SMALLER chromosome

MOTHER

X
(GIRL)

X
(GIRL)

X
FATHER

XX
(BOY)

XX
(BOY)

Xy

Xy

When it is the sperm carrying the X sex chromosome that fertilizes the ovum, the resulting pair of sex chromosomes in the zygote will be XX (Female). If it is the sperm carrying the Y that fertilizes the ovum pair of sex chromosome is Xy (male)

SEX-LINKED TRAITS

Trait that are controlled by genes found in the sex chromosomes are called sex-linked traits. GENES IN THE X CHROMOSOME CONTROL VIRTUALLY ALL THESE SEXLINKED TRAITS SINCE THE Y IS SMALL AND CARRIES FEW GENES. As a result MALE is more VULNERABLE TO TRAITS LIKE COLOR BLINDNESS, BALDESS AND HEMOPHILIA.

..SEX-LINKED TRAITS

A Female may carry a gene for blindness in one X gonosome, yet may not come out with the defect, because normal color vision may be present in the other X.

COLOR BLIND

NORMAL COLOR VISION

WINNER: NORMAL COLOR VISION

..SEX-LINKED TRAITS

In contrast, it is easy for a male to inherit the defect once the recessive gene is present in the X gonosome , since it is most unlikely that the small Y gonosome will carry the dominant normal gene.

COLOR BLIND

NO DOMINANT GENE BECAUSE IT IS SMALL OR FEWER

WINNER: COLOR BLINDESS

MOTHER

X
NORMAL HAIR

X
NORMAL HAIR

X
FATHER

XX
BALNESS

XX
NORMAL HAIR

Xy

Xy

LEGEND: X- (RED) STANDS FOR GENE WITH RECESSIVE TRAIT (BALNESS) MOTHER IS CARRIER OF RECESSIVE GENE (BALDNESS): ON THE AVERAGE,

ONE OF THE MALE CHILDREN WILL BE BALD ONE OF THE FEMALES NOW CARRIES THE BALDNESS RECESSIVE TRAIT TWO OF THEM WILL BE FREE OF RECCESIVE GENE FOR

HEMOPHILIA

ALBINISM

NATURE-NURTURE INTERACTIONS

ARNOLD GESELL
The

first psychologist to systematically investigate the role of NATURE in behavior.

JOHN B. WATSON
Disagreed

with Gesell, inferring from his experiments on children that the ENVIRONMENT, not nature, shapes development.

..NATURE-NURTURE INTERACTIONS

JEAN PIAGET
BOTH

HEREDITY (NATURE) AND ENVIRONMENT (NURTURE) jointly shape a persons abilities, skills, psychological characteristics and certainly the physical traits as well. EPIGENETIC APPROACH Study of naturenurture interactions explains the sequence to be like this:
Genetically controlled behaviors is modified and fashioned by the environment

A. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
1.) ZYGOTE or (the fertilized ovum)- a single-cell organism where the human being starts. 2.) EMBRYO-(2nd week) second stage of development, wherein zygote divides into many more cells. In this stage, the new organism develops a heart, nervous system, stomach, esophagus and ovaries or testes. nd month, this inch-long embryo By the end of 2 has developed eyes, ears, nose, jaw, mouth and lips. Its tiny arm have elbows, hands and stubby fingers; the legs have knees, ankles and toes.

..A. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

3.) FETUS- it the remaining 7 month period until birth. The organ start to grow and to function. By the end of 7 month, although still immature, the organ systems are already functional, making premature births capable of survival. In the 8 and 9 months, the fetus can respond to light and touch, and can even hear what is going on outside.

..A. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

During prenatal Development

PLACENTA-A spongy

organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy where the fetus gets its nourishment. UMBILICAL CORD-Connect the placenta and the fetus AMNIOTIC SAC-A fluid-filled sac that cushions fetus against sudden movements or physical blows to the mother. TERATOGENS-(TA-RAT-A-JENS)- a harmful external substances (drugs, nicotine and viruses etc.) that are especially damaging during embryonic stage when critical maturational

..A. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

..A. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

..A. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

NEONATES (Newborns)-enter the world equipped with reflexes that promote their survival and provide them with protection.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Infants Reflexes Sucking Reflex- allows the newborn the ability to adjust to its new manner of taking food. (remember that inside womb, it took nourishment through umbilical cord to get nutrients from placenta). Rooting Reflex-aiding the newborn baby to find mothers nipple to receive its nourishment.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Infants Reflexes
Grasping

(gripping) reflex-when a finger is pressed into a newborns palm it causes the infant to hold on tightly and strongly enough to suspend its entire weight. Moro reflex (startle) reflex-sudden noise causes arms and legs are flung to the sides, then arms are brought toward the body in a hugging motion. Babinski reflex-infants toes fan upward when the bottom of the foot is stroked.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Sensory and Perceptual Abilities

The newborns eyesight is estimated at 20/300, but by 6 to 12 months visual acuity improves about 20/20. At 2-3 days of age they can hear soft voices and turn their heads toward sounds. Studies have found that 3-day old babies prefer complex patterns such as bull eyes, check boards. Among the shapes they are more excited by circles and curves. In some experiment, they found that infants preferred looking at human faces and patterned materials.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

50 Percentage of infants total fixation time 40

30
20 10 0 Lett ersl ett

Figure 2.9 Visual preferences of infants Three to four month old babies show strong preference for faces and patterns and striking colors rather than pale ones.

Red Yello colo w r color Items shown to infants

White color

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Infant smell and taste sensitivities seem to be present at birth. Babies seem to like the smell of flowers and taste of sweet drinks. They react to sour and bitter with remarkable similarity with adults.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Physical and Motor Development

The first two years of life is a period of rapid development

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

1 month old-Helpless

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

3 months-Legs and knees are firm

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

4 months-Sits with support

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

6 months-Moves about in a walker

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

8 months- Plays tumbling

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

11 months-Walks if led

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

1 year old-Walks alone

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

1 year old-Climbs stairs

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

2 Years old-Dances

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Language Acquisition
6-8

week- babies begin cooing, the repetition of vowel sounds ooh and ahh 6 months- the nervous system has matured enough to permit babbling, that is the repetition of meaningless language sounds both vowel and consonants sounds. 1yr.-1 yrs.- the child begin to use single words. Soon after this single-word stage, words are arranged in simple two-sentences called telegraphic speech.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Social and Emotional Development

John

Bowlby- developed Attachment Theoryvalue of developing strong attachment to ones caregivers, a bonding that will keep individuals safe.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Easy

Babies-get hungry and sleepy at predictable times, react cheerfully and seldom fuss. Difficult infants-are irregular and irritable. Slow to warm babies-babies fuss at the beginning but eventually come to enjoy their activities
Difficult babies often developed attention and aggression in childhood, while slow to warm up toddlers tend to become shy preschoolers and somewhat anxious teens

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Cognitive Development

JEAN

PIAGET proposed that cognitive development progresses through a series of predictable stages that come about the same ages. Schemas- mental images or generalizations formed as the person experiences the world.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Cognitive Development
Two

processes guide the formation of schemas:

Assimilation-is

the process by which we integrate new information with our existing knowledge of things. Accommodation-we alter our schemas so that we can include new information that does not fit into our existing ways of thinking.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Cognitive Development
I.

Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2), infants and young children learn about their world through the senses, like seeing, hearing, and through motor skills like grasping and sucking. As the periods ends the children should learn the principle of object permanence recognition that objects continue to exist even though they are not directly sensed.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Cognitive Development
II.

Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old)- the child develops an ability to think symbolically and to use language but his thinking is still intuitive and egocentric (self-centered) Children conversation:
Miko: My dad bought a new car Andre: Im going to have balloons on my birthday

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Cognitive Development
III.

Concrete operational Stage (7-11 years old)- become able to think logically, but only with real, concrete objects-marble, sticks, tools, etc.-but not with abstract concepts, like faith and freedom. There is too reversibility of thought, like recognizing that if A is equal to B, Then b is equal to A.

.B. INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD

Concrete operational Stage (Acquisition of Conservation)

.B. INFANCY AND CH

Cognitive Development
IV.

Formal Operational Stage (12 onwards)-Children gain the ability to think logically about abstract ideas. (Faith, Freedom)

Children

are capable developing hypotheses or best guesses about ways of solving problems.