Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module 1
From ECONOMICS to GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIS AND DEVELOPMENT
WHY ?
Globalization Interdisciplinary subject which relates to all branches and fields of knowledge Main objectives of the study of Globalization of economics and development:
THINK GLOBALLY AND ACT LOCALLY!
Theories:
1. Statements for a going process of global cohesion;
2. Available concepts for common standards and principles of development;
Globalization of Economics and Development Two Sites of One Process WHY? The main spheres of life are inseparable; Economics is one of these spheres of life; The technological development fosters the development of all other spheres; Simultaneousness development of communication technologies, culture, education and etc.; Trends for universality of development; Economic activity of the society has changed; The universal and national development are tightly bounded Our choice is to examine globalization of economics in the broad context of development !
Growing interdependence of all processes Establishing of a global financial-economic area Information technologies - WWW Change in the states functions vanishing of the national boarders Universality of the world dissemination of the democratic system and socio cultural values
Some conclusions
Global a new scientific category, which treats the processes and events on a global scale Globalization an approach which expands and deepens the economic theory as well as other scientific fields Subject of globalizations are: - global companies; - regional structures; - the state; - international economic organizations
Evidences
Civilizations they have originated independently from one another and have had common standards and rules of life; Religions they have monotheistic character, universality of values and trends towards expansion of ideas; Colonizational processes they have similarity of reasons, forms and consequences: creation of one-sided economic relations; From the great migration of peoples till now there is a tendency for decreasing the uncertainty
Theoretical discussion about Globalization Second half of 20th century the global idea emerged in philosophy and political science. Then it was transferred to communications theory and finally conquered economic thinking; The 90-ties active discussion on the nature and essence of globality and globalization as a new stage of economics and world development. The Roman Club the report Limits of growth provoked the first serious discussion about globalization and raised the necessity to coordinate activities of all countries.
Common Characteristics of the Globalization Process The dynamic development of the globalization process follows the development of the society. As a phenomenon it has two levels general civilization and formative ones Contradictory process which has its positive and negative sides It is pursued by anti-social phenomena
Change of the Economic structure of the labor market and of the budget
Definitions of globalization
Globalization is a very high level of development of the globality of economics and life in the conditions and content of life activity expanding with a tendency for planetarism.
Two realities co-exist: 1. The so called borderless virtual world where geography does not count, and communication and business transactions can occur in a matter of seconds. 2. The other world is that of the everyday life of people in which borders still count, local realities are still complex and very different among themselves, and most fundamentally where social and economic problems still need to be addressed.
Why have not all countries benefited to the same extent from globalization?
Countries that do not have strong institutional framework, as well as solid social policies and networks to cope with negative externalities most suffer the negative effects of globalization. External factors, such as the global trading environment, are crucial in creating greater opportunities or in posing constraints on a countrys economic growth.
Module 3 REGIONALISM
Regionalism originated along with globalization and approximately at the same time. Factors leading to the formation of regional structures during ages: Political; Geographical; Religious; Military and defense; Economical.
REGIONALISM
40-ties and 50-ties of XX century new wave of regional structures in Europe:
1948 Organization for European economic Cooperation; 1950 European Coal and steel Community; 1957 European Economic Community; 1959 European Free Trade Association 1949 1991 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (socialist countries)
according to the social system- the world was divided into two social systems. 40-ties and 50-ties - Economic stabilization was the leading idea
REGIONALISM
80-ties economic regional structures with mutual political, social or military and strategic goals: - EU; - ASEAN - NAFTA 90-ties the regional structures became even more closed with very clear mutual economic, social, cultural, educational etc. relations. They form the new structure of the world
REGIONALISM
Economical aspects: Similar economic development; Common priorities; Forming common economic model; Regional competitiveness and comparative advantages in a global arena; Common reaction to the risks of the environment
REGIONALISM
Some conclusions: Objective, real, social and historical movement in which economic reasons dominate. They reflect and influence on political, cultural and educational activities. New international relations appear. Regionalism does not question the state and its future role.
REGIONALISM
Some conclusions: The new major integration processes of the epoch globalization and regionalism established themselves in the 90-ties. Regionalism is an instrument of the state for attaining the further goals of globalization. In present days globalization is realizing through regional structures.
Civilization
Civilization is a complex society or culture group developed upon common or similar principles, with common or similar characteristics and marks. Civilization is a system of nations and states which have had their own specific historic destiny in a long period of time. Culture is a subsystem of civilization. In one civilization can develop and exist a lot of similar cultures with their national specifics.
The engines of the civilization progress are: The permanent fight between man and nature for surviving and satisfying mans needs. Factors of progress science, technologies, labor etc. Factors of social conflicts properties, capitals, territories.
Culture Religion
System of values, practices and norms, related to the idea of God. A composition of attitudes between God and man.
An integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior that depends upon the capacity for symbolic thought and social learning
Ideology
System of ideas, which serve the politics, recommend public and political structure of the society and the type of relations between mad and authorities
These three mechanisms have four main functions in different societies: 1. Unite the individuals; 2. Create social capital, which makes easier the achievement of common aims; 3. Establish the authoritys functions and inequality; 4. Create life aims and ambitions.
When some of the three mechanisms does not work effectively, the society is in a condition of DESINTEGRATION! Lack of trust; Growing criminal activities; A lot of anomalies; The social processes are not managed; The private interests dominate over the common values
Conclusions
Globalization manifests in different way at civilization and formative level. At civilization level it should develop and enrich the humanity without breaking its diversity. According to the social system of the country, different social and economic consequences are shown.
Module 5
GLOBALIZATION EFFECT
regionalism
Globalization is one of the forces of development putting the other factors of development and growth on a new basis and in new relations. Globalization effect the systematic result of the influence of the globalization on the other factors and forces of development
Globalization Effect
Research approach
development factors
Factors
economic
General historical
On the general historical level globalization is effected by several main factors: - technical and technological progress; - quality and content of interaction between man and nature; - culture, media and communication; - organization of public production.
Within the frames of the social system, in our case the capitalist system, globalization takes place under the influence of the following factors: - market environment, market mechanisms - competition; - state; - international financial system; - surrounding natural environment
Economics
Technologies
Globalization
Culture
17th century scientific revolution scientific knowledge was applied and machines were invented. 18th century the beginning of the industrial revolution. 19th century - intensive application of science in the material production. 20th century inventing the computer and its using, replacing some functions of the machines
Technologies the main source for development 21th century expansion and development of the functions of technology. Technology acquires also some social characteristics - new technologies can reproduce biological and mental functions.
Technological revolution created the global society and the global economy
Negative tendencies
Technological competition; Technological dictate; Technological determinism; Technological imperialism; There is no free movement of technology
The main economic force of media and communications is global capital, which through them turns into a universal force of society Media have become a sub-system of global corporations and a means of realizing their global strategies Media in itself have turned into a global and universal factor of development.
Culture
In the past years culture and economics were treated as separated and independent spheres. The importance of culture in the overall development of society is evidently increasing, showing itself in economics too.
Economics - Culture
The common feature between them is that both follow the overall development of the society; The development of culture is not always following the development cycle of economics; The cultural specifics of a nation, state or region is much more clear then their economic or political specifics; Cultural processes are determined by the national and state differences.
Culture - Globalization
The cultural processes gain the importance of major conditions of life and effect each human activity; Culture is turning into one of the basic factors of economic growth, while cultural product is among the new strategic resources of society; Culture became a specific sphere of entrepreneurship; Culture, education and science form new economy - knowledge economy
Some conclusions
The very globalization of economics, science and technologies requires a very high degree of development of cultures. The concept of glocalization, introduced in Japan in 1996 a combination of global and local, expressing the need for globalization to be carried out in compliance with the specifics of the individual countries.
The main contradictions of culture in the global world is between its economic form of realization and its esthetic and artistic nature.
After 11th September 2001 the world is not the same: Unstable political relations and political systems; New paradoxes of democracy appear:
New wave of religion expansion; Terrorism; Using weapons to solve problems and conflicts Economics of war opposes the humanism and subordinates the world order to corporative interests.
Globalization comes in contradiction with human rights and with the very principle of individualism, which along with competition, is the fundament of capitalist system.
Globalization in contemporary conditions is an asymmetry Deepening gap between the economies of the developed and developing countries; Intensified struggle for additional access to resources and markets; Ecological asymmetry; Poverty and polarization of men; Uneven location of people; Continuing international debt crisis