PARTS OF SPEECH / WORD CLASSES:

PRESENTED BY: MADAM NOORMAH BT HJ ISMAIL JBB

NOUNS:
Nouns are naming words. They give titles to people, places, things and ideas. Examples: My friend, Buddy, has a Ph.D. in physics. The squirrel stole nuts from the chipmunk. My dog watches television in the evenings. The purpose of this exam is to scare the life out of you. The weight of gold is measured in karats.

TYPES OF NOUNS:
Common nouns general nouns : angel, magnet, orchid, subway, persimmon, book, love, etc. (Do not begin with capital letters) Proper nouns refer to specific people, places or things : Scarlet O Hara, Little Orphan Annie, Zaire, Denmark, Michael, Besut, Toyota etc. (begin with capital letters). Concrete nouns can be touch / held : house, taxicab, typewriter, computer, stove, refrigerator, Toyota (car) etc. Abstract nouns cannot be touched / held : love, honesty, truth, regrets, hostility, etc (exist only in our minds as ideas or feelings). Collective nouns name of a group of people or objects : army, band, company, class, audience, flock, number, etc.

NOUN PHRASES:
Meaning - A group of words, composed of a noun and a number of optional modifiers and lacks of subject or predicate. Phrases no subjects and predicates. Clauses do have. Examples: My shopping cart hit that expensive Mercedes. My poor kitty has a cold. Cats are timid and shy.

PRONOUNS:
Meaning they take the places of nouns in sentences. Examples: The last time I saw Jack, I gave him a black eye. Sally is impossible. I wish she would move away. George Washington picked up his waistcoat and admired its golden buttons.

TYPES OF PRONOUNS PERSONAL PRONOUNS:

A person speaking, spoken to, or spoken of. Refers to a specific individual or group. Examples: I am too tired to drive. You saw that movie last weekend. She taught the kids to speak Japanese. Sheila and I love to ride motorcycles. Bobs friend took a picture of Jen and him. The dog chased my friend and me to the edge of its yard. You are/were late for the meeting.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS:
Show possession and also modify nouns in the same manner as adjectives are. Examples: My cat has fleas. Our vacation was a disaster. Her speech was brilliant. Their car has a flat tire. The gold is mine. The title is yours. That child of yours has got to settle down. This coat of mine needs to be cleaned. That dog of theirs never stops barking.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS:
The action of each member of the group that the pronoun phrase stands for affects all the other members of that group. The group consists of just two people, animals or things. Examples: The two friends helped each other through tough times. You and I have told each other all of our secrets. The four of us will help one another out of our current predicament. The people in my office need to learn to cooperate with one another.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS:
Often refer or reflect back to the subject of the sentence. Examples: I gave myself the day off. My parents treated themselves to a night on the town. You yourself told me to ask for a raise. Janet built the house herself. John and myself repaired the copy machine. Jane drove Sherry and me to the movies.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
Perform two functions at the same time. First, take places of nouns , Second, connect the replaced nouns to subordinate clauses. Subordinate clause a group of words that has a subject and a predicate.

Examples who, which, that, what, where, when & why. The person who finds my cow will receive a reward. The car which struck mine was stolen. The story that we read last week was a great one. I know what you are talking about. They dont know the time when they will be here. Tell me the reason why you left the company.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS:
Point to nouns that they are replacing. Two types this & that (singular) these & those (plural). Examples: This is going to be a great year. That was one crazy summer. These are the only good shoes I own. Those are the largest strawberries I have ever seen.

ADJECTIVES:
Words that modify nouns or pronouns. Examples: I watched the greatest action movie of all time, Star Wars, on my new, digitallyenhanced television.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES:
DESCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES: Describe nouns and pronouns they modify colour, shape, texture, scent or other quality of nouns & pronouns entities. Examples: The hot pan burnt my fingers. Ill have a tall glass of lemonade. I am thirsty. His destiny is manifest. We discussed the manifest content of my dream.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES:
LIMITING ADJECTIVES: They restrict the definitions of nouns & pronouns they modify. Examples: This dog is mine. (which dog is mine?, this dog, not that dog or another dog). I found five dollars in my pocket. I read the daily paper.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES:
COMPARATIVE DEGREE: It compares just two objects. Examples: This house is smaller than that one. This painting is more beautiful than that one. The waves today are less violent than the one yesterday. I think ice cream is tastier than cake. Both believes that movies are less enjoyable than books.

TYPES OF ADJECTIVES:
SUPERLATIVE DEGREE: The highest degree of comparison for adjectives. This degree compares more than two objects. Examples: That was the most disgusting movie I have ever seen. Thiers is the largest house in our city. That was the saddest story Ive ever heard. She is the most beautiful girl in the ballroom. His story is the best of all the stories submitted.

VERBS:
Words that express action, existence or conditions. Action : We danced till three in the morning. Condition : Bobby is miserable after losing his beloved mother. Existence : Some of the buried workers are still alive ; This old car is on its last legs.

VERBS:
Two types action verbs & linking verbs. Action verbs suggest or express action. Examples: The boy ran home from school. The dolphins leapt into the sea. Linking verbs (copulative verb), joints the subject of the sentence to some word or words in the predicate. Examples: I am happy. The crowd stays silent. The comforter feels soft. This tea is good. We are in the class now.

ADVERBS:
Words that modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Examples: They will arrive soon. (when) Put the flowers here. (where) She dances awkwardly. (how) Catharina travels frequently. (how often)