Max.

continuous rating Turbine speed Steam condition at stop valves Steam flow

: in MW : 3000 rpm ( N = 120 * f / P ) : in Kg/cm2 @ C : in T/hr

No. of stages
Weight & material of rotor No. of governor valves Barring gear speed

: ( velocity + HP + LP )
: in T ( NiCrMo steel forging ) : 2 ( size : in mm ) : 2 rpm

Relay oil pressure

Lubrication oil pressure HP section material LP section material

: in Kg/cm2
: in Kg/cm2 : Moly. Van. Steel casting : Boiler quality MS plate fabricated

SPEED

ECCENTRICITY DIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION (ROTOR)

OVERALL EXPANSION (CASING)

VIBRATION (4 Channels) POSITION INDICATION (6 Channels)

EDDY CURRENT :
It is an electric current induced within the body of a conductor when that conductor is in a region where there is a change in magnetic flux. It has the property of opposing the source, that produces it.

EDDY PROBE :
Eddy current pickup makes use of this property. It has a coil embedded in its tip which is energized by a constant RF current which sets up an electro magnetic field between the tip and the observed surface or target which is made of an electrically conductive material. Eddy currents are induced in the target surface which consume some energy from the electromagnetic field that produces it. Due to this, there is a variation in the energizing current proportional to the probe target distance which is sensed by the driver circuit that converts these changes into varying voltage signal.

 A toothed wheel with 30 teeth is attached to the turbine shaft at the exciter end. An eddy current pickup is mounted at close proximity to the wheel and is excited by its driver circuit. When the teeth get closer to the pickup, more eddy currents are induced in it and hence, more loading effect on the coil and less voltage signal output

When the pickup senses the slots, due to more distance between the target and the pickup coil, less loading effect and more voltage sensed
Hence, passage of a slot and a tooth represent a cycle (a high + a low) Since there are 30 of them, for one rotation of the wheel, 30 such pulses / cycles are produced which are fed to a F/V circuit conditioned into voltage and current outputs suitable for indicating and recording.

Speed =

Pulse per second No. of teeth

rps

= P x 60 T

rpm

EXAMPLE :
Supposing the turbine rotates at 3000 rpm. For 1 min = 3000 revolutions For 1 sec = 3000/60 = 50 revolutions (or) 3000 rpm = 50 rps We know for 1 revolution, the speed sensor output is 30 pulses ( T = 30 ) For 50 revolutions, P = 50 x 30 = 1500 pulses Therefore, speed = P x 60 T rpm = 1500 x 60 30 rpm = 3000 rpm

MATCHED CABLE
Rotor speed has a direct relationship with the frequency of the output current generated from the alternator.

EDDY PROBE

We know, f = PN 120 And that, freq. = 50 Hz and minimum possible No. of poles = 2, which gives the speed at 50 Hz as,

N = 120f = 120 x 50 = 3000 rpm P 2

TURBINE SHAFT

Hence, speed can be calculated from the output frequency; or, vice versa.

TOOTHED WHEEL

Range : 0 4000 rpm

EDDY PICKUP

CONVERTER

PULSE SHAPER

F/V CONVERTER

O/P AMPLIFIER

REC

V/I CONVERTER

Current O/P to Data Logger

SPEED MEASUREMENT CHANNEL SCHEMATIC

EDDY PROBE

Shaft eccentricity is the radial motion of the shaft with respect to the bearing or casing. In other words, its the out of turn excursion of the shaft around its axis. A high frequency RF signal is generated by the Oscillator/Demodulator, sent through the extension cable and radiated from the Probe tip. Eddy currents are generated in the surface of the shaft. The driver demodulates the signal and provides a modulated DC Voltage where the DC portion is directly proportional to gap (distance) and the AC portion is directly proportional to radial vibration (Eccentricity). In this way, an Eddy Current Transducer can be used for both Radial Vibration and distance measurements such as Thrust Position and Shaft Position.

Range : 0 500 m p-p

N 300 RPM

EDDY PROBE

CONVERTER

INPUT AMP.

DC AMP. INV. AMP

E > 100 m

AC AMP.

FW RECT LPF

O/P AMP.

REC

ECCENTRICITY CHANNEL SCHEMATIC

V/I CONVERTER CURRENT O/P

Matched Cable B Collars

Differential Expansion is the measure of relative axial expansion between turbine shaft and the casing which occurs due to the presence of different temperature gradients and due the rotor, cylinder, blades etc., being made of different materials. Differential Expansion is considered positive when the shaft moves (i.e., the shaft expands more than the casing) towards the alternator and negative when it moves towards the turbine. The movement of the shaft is sensed by the eddy current probes by means of the probe-collar distance variation. as the distance between one arrangement decreases, it increases with the other.

Eddy Probe (A)

Range : - 4 mm to + 8 mm
When DE occurs, the converter output of one probe say, B is less (distance, less); while the output of other (A) is more as the distance between the probe and the target is more. Output of these converters are given to respective input amplifiers whose outputs are fed to a summing amplifier. The output amplifier further conditions the output to the required level to be fed to the indicator, recorder and the data logger.

A A+B
REC

B Probe

B Converter

B Input Amp. Summing Amp. Output Amp.

D.E -2.4 mm / +3.4 mm

DIFF. EXPANSION CHANNEL SCHEMATIC

Vibration refers to mechanical oscillations about an equilibrium point. Vibration is occasionally desirable. For example the motion of a tuning fork, the reed in a woodwind instrument or harmonica, or the cone of a loudspeaker is desirable vibration, necessary for the correct functioning of the various devices. More often, vibration is undesirable, wasting energy and creating unwanted sound--noise. For example, the motions of engines, electric motors, or any mechanical device in operation are usually unwanted vibrations. Such vibrations can be caused by imbalances in the rotating parts, uneven friction, the meshing of gear teeth, parts that are dragging together, etc.

CONNECTOR

Vibration measurement is done all the bearings of the turbo alternator set except the last bearing (No.5) at the exciter end. The detector is a velocity type transducer with a moving coil in a permanent magnetic field. When the bearing pedestal vibrates, the seismic mass will move relative to the housing, thereby moving the measuring coil in and out of the magnetic field. This induces an emf in the coil which is proportional to velocity of the vibration. The induced emf is integrated, amplified and rectified to give peak to peak vibration displacement to be indicated and recorded.

SPRING

MOVING COIL

STATIONARY MAGNET

CASE

Range : ( 0 250 m pk-pk )

REC

VIBRATION PICKUP

AC AMP,

Integrator

PEAK DETECTOR

O/P AMP.

V/I CONVERTER

VIB 75 m

CURRENT O/P TO DATA LOGGER

VIBRATION CHANNEL SCHEMATIC

Range : 0 40 mm
Overall expansion is the expansion of turbine casing as measured at the front pedestal which expands along with the casing with respect to the foundation. Its measured with a linear potentiometer sensor.

ACTUATOR FROM TURBINE CASING AT FRONT PEDESTAL SIDE

REC

10

20

30

40 mm

O.E 10 mm

Speeder gear and load limiting gear positions are sensed by rotary potentiometers. The rotary motion being transmitted through gear mechanism to the wiper of the pot.

CIES (Combined Isolation Emergency Stop valves) and Governor valve positions are sensed by linear potentiometers. The linear motion of their shaft transmitted by suitable actuator mechanisms.

 Overall expansion and linear position indication (of valves) are these days sensed by LVDTs, instead of potentiometers Vibrations are also sensed by piezoelectric accelerometer sensors ( Q = F * d ; F = m * a. Hence, Q = m * a * d) Speed sensors in a majority voting system (2 out of 3, for redundancy and to avoid spurious actuations) initiating over speed trip, instead of mechanical trip rings These are the few improvements that have come up since the initial days.