ELECTRICAL AND CHEMICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF TRANSFORMER INSULATION

PRESENTED BY HEMA K.L. ROLL NO:28 S7 EE

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC TESTS IPS MEASUREMENTS GPC ANALYSIS

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS CASE STUDY 1:POWER TRANSFORMER

CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC TESTS RESULT INTERFACIAL POLARIZATION SPECTRA(IPS) RESULTS GPC TEST RESULTS RESULTS FROM PRESSBOARD SAMPLES

CASE STUDY 2:DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC TESTS RESULTS INTERFACIAL POLARIZATION TEST RESULTS GPC TEST RESULTS

Advantages and disadvantages of IPS measurements Advantages and disadvantages of GPC Goals of future diagnostic methods

CONCLUSION REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

Reliability of a power system depends on trouble free transformer operation Significant no of power transformers are operating beyond their design life Need improved diagnostic techniques for determining the condition of the insulation in aged transformers Insulation system consists of cellulosic materials and mineral oil Cellulosic materials degrade with time In the final stage of the ageing the electric insulation system breaks down

and the power equipment falls out. Condition of the paper and pressboard insulation has been monitured by A) bulk measurements B) measurements on samples removed from the transformer DC method is used for measuring the interfacial polarization spectrum

FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEGRADATION AND AGEING OF PAPER

MOISTURE IN PAPER OXYGEN IN PAPER TEMPERATURE

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
1)

CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC TESTS Dissipation factor & capacitance measured using a schering bridge Power frequency breakdown strength was measured by using the step by step method Negative lightning impulse breakdown strength was measured

Figure 1. The Schering Bridge

The capacitive reactance of a capacitor C is 1/2fC. R3 = C1R2 / C2. C3 = R1C2 / R2.

A Schering Bridge is a bridge circuiit used for measuring an unknown electrical capacitance and its dissipation factor.

The dissipation factor of a capacitor is the the ratio of its reesistance to its capacitive reactance

2)INTERFACIAL POLARIZATION SPECTRA(IPS) MEASUREMENTS

designed and built at School of Information technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Queensland by Dr Saha and team. Using return voltage measurements

automatic IPS measurement system

IPS system consists of

1) An optic isolation power control interface used for control two relays. 2) A programmable high voltage DC power supply.

3) A communication protocol interface.

4) A PC to control the entire set of instruments

THEORY

When a direct voltage is applied to a dielectric for a long period of time, and it is then short circuited for a short period, the charge bounded by the polarization will turn into free charges after opening the short circuit, a voltage will build up between the electrodes on the dielectric. This phenomena is called the return voltage.

P(t) = P0 F(t), P0 = E Ja(t) = P(t) = d/dt P (t).

Ja (0) = E

Initial slope is the slope of the return voltage graph (with linear approximation) for first few seconds central time constant -the time at which the return voltage is maximum a larger value of the maximum initial slope indicates the sample has more moisture content. central time constant with smaller value indicates the sample has more moisture content and is more degraded and more aged.

3) GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY(GPC) ANALYSIS

Gel permeation chromatography provides a detailed molecular weight distribution of the polymer.

chromatographic technique uses highly porous, non-ionic gel beds for the separation of polydispersed polymers in solution.
separates polymer molecules on the basis of their hydrodynamic volume. Separation occurs via the porous beds packed in a column total volume: Vt = Vg + Vi + Vo

If a sample has a broad molecular weight range it may be necessary to use several GPC columns in tangent with one another to fully resolve the sample

GPC instrument includes

sample holder Eluent Detector Gels Pump

Gels

used as stationary phase for GPC absence of ionizing groups low affinity for the substances to be separated Sephadex Bio-Gel , agarose gel , Styragel

Eluent

The eluent should be a good solvent for the polymer

should wet the packing surface.

THF, o-dichlorobenzene at room temperature

trichlorobenzene at 130150 C for crystalline polyalkines

m-cresol and o-chlorophenol at 90 C for crystalline condensation

polymers such as polyamides and polyesters.

Pump
constant supply of fresh eluent to the column for uniform delivery of relatively small liquid volume of eluent

Detector

To detect weight of polymer in the eluting solvent concentration sensitive detectors

Molecular weight sensitive detectors

waters chromatograph
A typical Waters GPC instrument including A. sample holder, B.Column C.Pump D. Refractive Index Detector E. UV-vis Detector

The inside of sample holder of Waters GPC instrument

cellulose tricarbanilate derivative was prepared

The molecular weight distribution of the cellulose tricarbanilate was measured using a Waters Chromatograph equipped with a variable wavelength tunable absorbance detector. Four ultrastyragel columns were used in series in the Chromatograph, with THF as the eluent. The elution profile was acquired by interfacing to an IBM computer.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

CASE STUDY 1 POWER TRANSFORMER

A 25 year old, 25 MVA, 132/11 kV transformer from Kareeya power station, was used to investigate the quality of the insulation using electrical and chemical testing techniques.

To examine the differences that exist between the high stress and low stress insulation samples, the samples were collected from top, middle and bottom coils of low voltage and high voltage windings of the transformer

With two insulated conductors placed side by side to form the specimen, the thickness of paper insulation between them was 1.0 mm and 0.8 mm for the HV and LV specimens respectively. Pressboard (of 0.2 mm thickness) samples were collected from the main bulk insulation between the high voltage and low voltage winding

Figure 2: Schematic diagram of one phase of LV winding of 25 MVA Kareeya transformer

CONVENTIONAL ELECTRIC TEST RESULTS

Table 1: Results of conventional electrical tests on samples from LV A phase winding of Kareeya transformer

Table 2: Results of conventional electrical tests on samples from HV B phase of Kareeya transformer.

IPS TEST RESULTS

Table 3: Results of IPS measurements on samples from LV A phase winding of Kareeya transformer

Table 4: Results of IPS measurements on samples from HV B phase winding of Kareeya transformer

GPC TEST RESULTS

Figure 3: GPC chromatogram of insulating paper samples obtained from new stock and aged transformer

Figure 4: The simulation chromatogram of the new insulating paper

Table 5: Results from GPC analysis on samples from LV A phase of Kareeya transformer

Table 6: Results from GPC analysis on samples from HV B phase of Kareeya transformer

RESULTS FROM PRESSBOARD SAMPLES

Table 7: Results obtained from aged and new press board:

Table 8: Results of IPS measurements on new and aged pressboard samples

Table 9: GPC Results obtained from aged and new pressboard Sample

CASE STUDY 2 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

CONVENTIONAL ELECTRICAL TEST RESULTS

Results of Dissipation factors and capacitances of distribution transformers

IPS TEST RESULTS

Results of IPS measurements of the single phase distribution transformers

Results of IPS measurements of the three phase distribution transformers

GPC TEST RESULTS

Table 14: GPC Results of cellulose samples from distribution transformers

Advantages and disadvantages of IPS measurements

less easily disturbed by interference in the field a non destructive test

disadvantages

takes quite a significant amount of time for simulation and plotting. Adsorbed moisture and temperature of the oil-paper insulation adversely affects the return voltage measurement. So the return voltage measurement was always conducted at a known and low oil-paper moisture content and at ambient environmental conditions (20 25 C).

Advantages and Disadvantages of GPC

has a well-defined separation time a lower chance for analyte loss to occur most samples can be thoroughly analyzed in an hour or less quick and relatively easy estimation of molecular weights and distribution for polymer samples

Disadvantages limited number of peaks that can be resolved within the short time scale GPC requires around at least a 10% difference in molecular weight for a reasonable resolution of peaks to occur that filtrations must be performed before using the instrument pre-filtration of the sample has the possibility of removing higher molecular weight sample

Goals of future diagnostic methods

Political goals: 1. Reduction of environmental risks by an early sign for a developing fault. 2. Technical information in time. 3. More safety and less stress for service personnel. Economic goals: 1.Adaptive maintenance 2. Reduction of maintenance personnel 3. Planned service interruption and investments 4. Minimum period of outrage 5. Minimum costs for outrage Technical goals: 1. Optimization of apparatus or systems 2. Registration of sporadic fault-behaviour by continuous monitoring 3. Quantitative information about certain parameters 4. Correlation of measured parameters with maintenance intervals and remaining lifetime 5. Improvements in insulation coordination

CONCLUSION

The globalisation of the energy market results in an increasing cost consciousness of utilities and other electrical power equipment operators. Power transformers are among the most expensive parts of a power network. Therefore, utilities try to postpone replacement investments for those equipment and even try to cutback maintenance costs. On the other hand, numerous transformers have reached a considerable age well beyond 30 years. Further operation means an increasing risk of an outage. A damage of a transformers means not only costs for replacement but also considerable extra costs for lost sales of energy and environmental damages

REFERENCES
IEEE transactions on power delivery October 1997. Degradation of electrical insulating paper monitored with high performance liquid chromatography IEEE transaction on electrical insulation august 1990. Thermal ageing of cellulose paper insulation IEEE transaction on electrical insulation February 1997.