Luciana B Sutanto, dr. MS. SpGK Samuel Oetoro, dr. MS.

SpGK

Guthrie HA, Picciano MF. Human Nutrition.

Westermarck T, Antila E. Diet in relation to the nervous system. In: Human Nutrition and Dietetics (Garrow JS, James WPT, Ralph A, editors) Fernstrom JD, Uauy R, Arroyo P. Nutrition and Brain.

Brain Development Undernutrition Nutrition & Brain Development Nutrition & Brain Function

Brain development

Intrauterine 0-2 years 2-5 years 5 years -.

100%

80% 60%

Brain volume

Intra uterine

12 years

PREGNANCY POST-NATAL (0-36 months) > 36 month

Brain Development Undernutrition Nutrition & Brain Development Nutrition & Brain Function

Causes: Inadequate dietary intake Lack of sufficient and/or suitable quality of food Frequent infection

Undernourished children generally had poorer fine & gross motor function, also had more behavior problem.

Amino acid are required for the synthesis of proteins, peptides and certain neurotransmitters.
Biosynthesis of brain protein depends on the continuity of amino acid supply. The amino acid of human milk are presents in approximately the proportion necessary for tissue synthesis, cystein-taurine-triptophane are higher.

Brain Development Undernutrition Nutrition & Brain Development Nutrition & Brain Function

Fatty Acid Folate Zinc Iron Vitamin A Iodine

The n-3 & n-6 fatty acid content of myelin & the other membranes are high. Booth fatty acid are important in fetal life, and in the 1st year or 2 of post-natal development.
n-3 FAs are concentrated in a few tissues including brain. (Stevens et al, 1995)

DHA (dihomogammalinoleic acid) and AA (arachidonic acid), derived from linoleic acid, is important in the structure and function of cerebral membranes.
Human breast milk supplies AA in amount considered to meet accretion in membranerich tissues.

Folate deficiency causes Neural Tube Deffect (NTD)

spina bifida: neural tube fails to close at 4 weeks of pregnancy anencephaly: forebrain fails to develop

Food sources of folate:

Grain products Green leafy vegetables Organ meats Potatoes Fruits

Zn deficiency causes Neural Tube Deffect (NTD)

unencephalocele: hernia protrusion of the brain iniencephaly: brain metter protruding through a fissure of the vertebral column

Food sources of Zn:

dairy products, beans and lentils, yeast, nuts, seeds, wholegrain cereals, pumpkin seeds.

Iron deficiency causes

impaired cognitive impaired psychomotor development & function impaired temperature regulation pica

The brain sensitives to iron deficiency during the first 2 years of life Food sources of iron: meat, fish and poultry, fruits, vegetables, dried beans, nuts and grain products

Iron absorption increases in:

Acid environment (ferric ferrous iron) A good source of vitamin C (oranges, grapefruits, tomatoes, broccoli and strawberries) A NON-HEME food cooked in an iron pot A NON-HEME food A HEME and NON-HEME food eaten together Large amounts of tea or coffee consumed with a meal (the polyphenols bind the iron). Excess consumption of high fiber foods or bran supplements (the phytates in such foods inhibit absorption). High intake of calcium (supplement)

Iron absorption decreases in:

Vitamin A excess causes major abnormalities in fetal development. In UK: pregnant women are adviced to avoid food rich in vitamin A.
Food sources of vitamin A: organ meats (liver, giblets), carrot juice, sweetpotato, pumpkin, spinach, various ready-to-eat cereals, with added vit A, pickled herring.

Iodine deficiency causes:

brain damage mental impairment

Food sources of iodine: asparagus, garlic, lima beans, mushrooms, seafood, sea salt and fortified salt, seaweed, sesame seeds,soybeans, spinach, turnip greens

Brain Development Undernutrition Nutrition & Brain Development Nutrition & Brain Function

Energy Thiamin Pyridoxine Vitamin B12 Folic Acid Niacin Pantothenic Acid Vitamin A Vitamin E

The brain uses 20-30% of the bodys resting metabolic rate The mature neurons of brain need high continues supply of energy to maintain their function Glucose is the main energy substrate for synthetic and functional activities
The energy form amino acid only contributes less than 10%.

Thiamine deficiency in babies causes:

Thiamine deficiency in children & adults causes:

meningitis, irritable, vomit, convulse, bulging fontanelle, nystagmus

Peripheral neuritis (loss of the sense of vibration, with paresthesia & burning sensation in the feet)

Food sources of thiamin: grain products (breads, cereals, pasta and rice), meat, poultry, fish, fruits and vegetables

Pyridoxine is essential for synthesis or metabolism of almost all neurotransmiter. Pyridoxine deficiency causes: fatigue, nervousness, irritability, depression, insomnia & walking difficulties
Food sources of pyridoxine: germs of various grains and seeds, leafy vegetables, etc

Vitamin E therapy may prove useful for some brain disorders and may postpone in the degenerative disease of aging
Food sources of vitamine E: asparagus, avocado, egg, milk, nuts (almonds or hazelnuts), seeds, spinach and other green leafy vegetables, unheated vegetable oils, wheat germ, wholegrain foods.

In elderly & in psychiatric patients, diet deficient in B vitamins contribute to memory loss, depression, dementia, and other common disorder

Brain Development Undernutrition Nutrition & Brain Development Nutrition & Brain Function

Nutrition is crucial during fetal & post-natal in determining brain development Brain development disorder of any stage causes intellectual & behavioral impairment
Adequate intake of vitamins & minerals are essential for normal brain function

NEUROSCIENCE MODUL