Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Twelfth Edition
Chapter 1
Microorganisms and Microbiology
Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1.1 Microbiology
Microbiology revolves around two themes
(1) Understanding basic life processes
Microbes are excellent models for understanding cellular processes in unicellular and multicellular organisms
1.1 Microbiology
The Importance of Microorganisms
Oldest form of life
Figure 1.2
Cytoplasm
Fluid that fills cells
Cell wall
Present in most microbes, confers structural strength
Movement
Via self-propulsion, many forms in microbes
Evolution
Genetic changes in cells that are transferred to offspring
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.3
(2) Cells can also be considered coding devices that store and process information that is eventually passed on to offspring during reproduction through DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and evolution
Growth
The link between cells as machines and cells as coding devices
Figure 1.4 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Diversity and abundances of microbes are controlled by resources (nutrients) and environmental conditions (e.g., temp, pH, O2)
cells descended
ago
The atmosphere was anoxic until ~2 billion years ago
Metabolisms were exclusively anaerobic until evolution of oxygen-producing phototrophs
Figure 1.6
Microbial biomass is significant and cells are key reservoirs of essential nutrients (e.g., C, P, N)
Figure 1.7
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.8
activities
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria Cellulose-degrading microbes in the rumen Regeneration of nutrients in soil and water
Positive impacts
Microbial transformations (typically fermentations) yield
Dairy products (e.g., cheeses, yogurt, buttermilk) Other food products (e.g., sauerkraut, pickles, leavened breads, beer)
The role of the infinitely small in nature is infinitely large Louis Pasteur
1.6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology 1.7 Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation 1.8 Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure
Culture Microbiology
1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology 1.10 The Modern Era of Microbiology
microbes
Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds (Figure 1.9b)
Figure 1.9a
Figure 1.9b
Figure 1.10
Figure 1.13a
Figure 1.13b
Figure 1.13c
Kochs postulates (Figure 1.15) Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure cultures of microbes, some still in existence today
Kochs Postulates
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
1867: Joseph Lister (1827-1912) introduced antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic acid
Kochs Postulates
Figure 1.15
Kochs Postulates
Figure 1.15
Figure 1.19a
Figure 1.19b
directions
Applied and Basic
Microbiology
Medical Microbiology and Immunology have roots in Kochs work
Aquatic Microbiology and Marine Microbiology developed from advances in Soil Microbiology Microbial Ecology emerged in 1960s-70s
Figure 1.20
Microbial Physiology
Study of the nutrients that microbes require for metabolism and growth and the products that they generate
Microbial Biochemistry Study of microbial enzymes and chemical reactions Bacterial Genetics
Study of viruses
Microbiology sub-disciplines
Basic microbiology research Food microbiology Environmental microbiology/Microbial Ecology Forensic microbiology
Medical microbiology
Biotechnology Academic microbiology Geomicrobiology
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Pro = pre
karyote = nucleus
karyote = nucleus
Domain Bacteria
Most common type in human infection Members widely diverse Most prominent features include:
Specific shapes
Rod-shaped, spherical and spiral
Domain Archaea
Domain Eucarya
All members are eukaryotic Microbial world composed of single-celled Eucarya Algae Fungi
Protozoa
Metabolism Reproduction/growth Differentiation spores, etc Cellular Communication Quorum Sensing Movement / Motility Evolution / Genetic Change
Viruses
Viruses contain protein coat surrounding nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, ss or ds)
Shape is helical
or icosohedrial
Naked or enveloped
(from membrane of host cell)
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Viroids
Viroids are simpler than viruses Still require host cell for replication Consist of a single short piece of RNA Contain no protective protein coat
Prions
Prions are infectious proteins Contain no nucleic acid Responsible for six neurodegenerative diseases Animal disease Scrapie in sheep Mad cow disease in cattle Human disease Kuru Creutzfelt-Jakob