ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS

NECESSITY OF TRANSPORTATION
In order for the cytoplasm of prokaryotic

and eukaryotic cells to communicate with the external environment, materials must be able to move through the cell membrane.

Transportation of Molecules
Active Transport
-Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane against a concentration gradient with a protein from lower concentration to higher conc. Reqiures energy - ATP

Passive Transport
-Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from higher concentration to lower conc. no energy required

-Facilitated Diffusion
-Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane with a protein - no energy required

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Processes where something

gets into or out of the cell by a procedure which uses ENERGY!

TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

There are 3 types of active transport
PUMPS

ENDOCYTOSIS
EXOCYTOSIS

Pumps
If a particle needs to get into or out of the cell

against the concentration gradient, it will use ENERGY. This means that the particles need to go from an area of LOW concentration to an area of HIGH concentration. They are moving against the concentration gradient!
Within the cell membrane are PROTEINS that

have channels which act as pumps.

Lets take a look at a pump in action

Pumps in action
Some proteins actively use energy from the ATPs

in the cell to drag molecules from area of low concentration to areas of high concentration

example of this is the sodium/potassium pump.

Here the energy of a phosphate is used to exchange sodium atoms for potassium atoms.

Large Particle Movement

Sometimes larger particles need to enter or exit the cell, but they cannot fit through a protein channel. They will enter or exit by
Endocytosis Exocytosis.

 All eukaryotic cells (except

ENDOCYTOSIS

mature erythrocytes)use the fundamental process of endocytosis to capture extracellular molecules by enclosure within membrane vesicles themselves, to defend themselves, and to maintain homeostasis

Cells use endocytosis to feed

Some toxins, viruses,

pathogenic bacteria, and protozoa "hijack" the process to enter cells.

Endocytosis is subdivided into two..

PHAGOCYTOSIS Cellular uptake of large particles (solid) into large phagosomes

PINOCYTOSIS Cellular uptake of fluids and solutes into small pinocytic vesicles

EXOCYTOSIS
In exocytosis, material the cell

wishes to remove is contained in a vesicle. The vesicle fuses with the cell membrane, releasing the contents to the outside.

This is the way in which

digestive enzymes are released into the stomach.

Passive transport
Movement of small

particles across a membrane with out using energy is called passive transport.

Types of passive transport

Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated diffusion
1.

Diffusion
Solute molecules moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Random motion drives diffusion. Movement is based on kinetic energy (speed), charge, and mass of molecules. Equilibrium is reached when there is an even distribution of solute molecules.
(water)

Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from an

area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Cell membranes are completely permeable

to water, therefore, the environment the cell is exposed to can have a dramatic effect on the cell.

Hypertonic
solutions

contain a high

concentration of solute relative to another solution.

When a cell is placed in a

hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing cell shrinkage.

Hypotonic Solutions

contain a low concentration of

solute relative to another solution .

When a cell is placed in a

hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode.

Isotonic Solutions

contain the same concentration

of solute as an another solution.

When a cell is placed in an

isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic.

FACILITATED DIFFUSION

Only very small particles can

get through a cell membrane by diffusion. larger particles to enter the membrane by diffusion. within the cell membrane that act as tunnels that let them in. cell through these channels, it is called facilitated (helped) diffusion.

Facilitated diffusion allows

There are protein channels

When a particle gets inside the

Process of Facilitated Transport

Protein binds with molecule

Shape of protein changes

Molecule moves across membrane

An excellent summary of membrane transport!

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Thank u