PART 1

TRANSISTOR
FOR BEGINNERS AND STUDENTS
English Version

What Will We Learn ???

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

What Is Transistor Major Kind of Transistor General Types of Transistor Types of Bipolar Transistor (Based on Function) Bipolar Transistor

6.
7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

When Bipolar Transistor OFF

When Bipolar Transistor ON The Theory of Bipolar Transistor Some Equations of Bipolar Transistor Bipolar Transistor Water Analogy Basic Applications of Bipolar Transistor

What is Transistor?

Transistors are semiconductor devices that act as either electrically controlled switches or amplifier controls. Transistor can control electric current like faucet control the water. Transistor can make small voltage and/or current applied to a control lead acts to control a larger electric current. Transistors are used in almost every electric circuit you can imagine, such as : switching circuits, amplifier circuits, oscillator circuits, currentsource circuits, voltage-regulator circuits, power-supply circuits, digital logic ICs, and almost any circuit that uses small control signals to control larger currents.

Major Kind of Transistor

The two major families of transistors include bipolar transistors and fieldeffect transistors (FETs)

The major difference between these two families is that bipolar transistors require a biasing input (or output) current at their control leads, whereas FETs require only a voltage. FETs draw little or no current, they have high input impedances (about 1014 ). FETs are definitely more popular in circuit design today than bipolar transistors.

General Types Of Transistor (1)

General Types Of Transistor (2)

Types of Bipolar Transistor (based on function)

Lets Talk More Detail.

Bipolar Transistor

Bipolar transistors are three-terminal devices that act as electrically controlled switches or as amplifier controls. There are two configurations of Bipolar Transistor : NPN (Negative-PositiveNegative) and PNP (Positive-Negative-Positive) An NPN bipolar transistor uses a small input current and positive voltage at its base (relative to its emitter) to control a much larger collector-to-emitter current. An PNP transistor uses a small output base current and negative base voltage (relative its emitter) to control a larger emitter-to-collector current. Bipolar transistor control current flow by means of applied control signals makes them essential elements in electrically controlled switching circuits, current-regulator circuits, voltage-regulator circuits, amplifier circuits, oscillator circuits, and memory circuits.

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HOW DOES BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR WORK ?

When Bipolar Transistor OFF

When no voltage is applied at the transistors base, electrons in the emitter are prevented from passing to the collector side because of the p-n junction. If a negative voltage is applied to the base, things get even worse, the p-n junction between the base and emitter becomes reverse-biased. As a result, a depletion region forms and prevents current flow. Remember : for electrons to flow across a pn junction, a biasing voltage is needed to give the electrons enough energy to escapethe atomic forces holding them to the nside.

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When Transistor ON
If a positive voltage (of at least 0.6 V or 0.7 V) is applied to the base of an NPN transistor, the p-n junction between the base and emitter is forwardbiased. During forward bias, escaping electrons are drawn to the positive base. Increasing the base voltage increases this jumping effect and hence increases the emitter-to-collector electron flow. Remember that conventional currents are moving in the opposite direction to the electron flow. Thus, in terms of conventional currents, a positive voltage and input current applied at the base cause a positive current I to flow from the collector to the emitter.

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The Theory of Bipolar Transistor

This is schematic when bipolar transistor ON :

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This is the curve describes the effects the base current and the emitter-to-collector voltage have on the emitter/collector currents and .

Theory.

There are several terms used in transistors operation curve, such as : saturation region, cutoff region, active mode/region, bias, and quiescent point (Q-point). Saturation region refers to a region of operation where maximum collector current flows and the transistor acts much like a closed switch from collector to emitter Cutoff region refers to the region of operation near the voltage axis of the collector characteristics graph, where the transistor acts like an open switchonly a very small leakage current flows in this mode of operation

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Active mode/region describes transistor operation in the region to the right of saturation and above cutoff, where a near-linear relationship exists between terminal currents ( , , )
Bias refers to the specific dc terminal voltages and current of the transistor to set a desired point of active-mode operation, called the quiescent point (Q-point).

SOME IMPORTANT RULES

Rule 1
For an NPN transistor, the voltage at the collector must be greater than the voltage at the emitter by at least a few tenths of a volt; otherwise, current will not flow through the collector-emitter junction, no matter what the applied voltage is at the base. For PNP transistors, the emitter voltage must be greater than the collector voltage by a similar amount.

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Rule 2 For an NPN transistor, there is a voltage drop from the base to
the emitter of 0.6 V. For a PNP transistor, there is a 0.6-V rise from base to emitter. In terms of operation, this means that the base voltage VB of an npntransistor must be at least 0.6 V greater than the emitter voltage VE; otherwise, the transistor will pass an emitter-to-collector current. For a pnptransistor, must be at least 0.6 V less than VE; otherwise, it will not pass a collector-toemitter current.

 SOME

EQUATIONS :

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= = = + = ( +1) = = +0.6 0.7 | for NPN

= = 0.6 ( 0.7 ) | for PNP

0.026

= Collector Current = Base Current = Emitter Current = = (typically around 10 to 500) also reffered as

Example.

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Example

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Bipolar Transistor Water Analogy (1)

The base represented by smaller tube entering the main device from the left side. The collector represented by the upper portion of the vertical tube The emitter is represented by the lower portion of the vertical tube. When no pressure or current is applied through the base tube, the lower lever arm remains vertical while the top of this arm holds the upper main door shut. (This like off condition of bipolar transistor) when a small current and pressure are applied to the base tube, the vertical lever is pushed by the entering current and swings counterclockwise. When this lever arm swings, the upper main door is permitted to swing open a certain amount that is dependent on the amount of swing of the lever arm. In this state, water can make its way from the collector tube to the emitter tube, provided there is enough pressure to overcome the force of the spring holding the door shut. This spring force is analogous to the 0.6 V biasing voltage needed to allow current through the collector-emitter channel. Notice that in this analogy, the small base water current combines with the collector current.

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Bipolar Transistor Water Analogy (2)

The main feature to note here is the need for a lower pressure at the base for the PNP water transistor to turn on. By allowing current to flow out the base tube, the lever moves, allowing the emitter-collector door to open. The degree of openness varies with the amount of swing in the lever arm, which corresponds to the amount of current escaping through the base tube. Note the 0.6 V (or 0.7 V) biasing spring.

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BASIC OPERATION OF BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR

Basic Operation of Bipolar Transistor (1)

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Trasistor Switch =
+0.6 1

0 +0.6 1

(for NPN)

= =

Basic Operation of Bipolar Transistor (2)

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Current Source

0.6 =

Basic Operation of Bipolar Transistor (3)

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Current Bias

2 1 + 2

Basic Operation of Bipolar Transistor (4)

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Emitter Follower

= =

There are many applications of bipolar transistor not provided in this slide, such as : common-collector amplifier, common-emitter amplifier, voltage regulator, darlington pair, etc.

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THANK YOU

References

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Scherz, Paul. 2000. Practical Electronics for Inverter. USA : McGrawHill

ABOUT ME

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Full Name : Dwi Ganef Janesa Place of Birth : Lamongan, Jawa Timur, Indonesia Date of Birth : June, 19 1993 E-Mail : Ganef.net@gmail.com Last Education : Engineering Physics Department, Faculty of Industrial Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya (2011) Homepage : http://dwiganef.com

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