Introduction to Convection:

Flow and Thermal

Considerations
Chapter Six and Appendix D
Sections 6.1 through 6.8
and D.1 through D.3
Lecture 11b
Dimensionless Parameters
Force Viscous
Force Inertia
F
F
L V
L V VL
s
I
L
= = ~
2
2
/
/
Re

For a small Re: Viscous force is important

For a large Re: Viscous force is negligible

Dimensionless Parameters
y Dif f usivit Thermal
y Dif f usivit Momentum
k
c
p
= =
o
v

Pr
Pr 1 for gases, Pr<<1 for liquid metals, Pr>>1 for oils
3 / 1
Pr ~
t
o
o
Dimensionless Parameters
y Dif f usivit Mass
y Dif f usivit Momentum
D D
Sc
AB AB
= =
v /
3 / 1
Sc
c
~
o
o
Dimensionless Parameters
y Dif f usivit Mass
y Dif f usivit Thermal
Sc
D
Le
AB
= =
Pr
o
3 / 1
Le
c
t
~
o
o
Dimensionless Parameters
f
k
hL
Nu Dimensionless T gradient at the surface
AB
m
D
L h
Sh
2 /
2
V
C
s
f

Dimensionless surface shear stress

Dimensionless C gradient at the surface
Boundary Layer Equations
Normalized boundary layer equations



2
2
*
*
Re
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
y
u
dx
dp
y
u
v
x
u
u
L
c
c
+ =
c
c
+
c
c
Velocity:
Thermal:
2
2
*
*
Pr Re
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
y
T
y
T
v
x
T
u
L
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
Concentration:
2
2
*
*
Re
1
*
*
*
*
*
*
y
C
Sc y
C
v
x
C
u
A
L
A A
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
Boundary Layer Analogies
To establish relationship between C
f
, Nu and Sh
Fluid Flow Heat Transfer Mass Transfer
)
*
*
, Re *, *, ( *
dx
dp
y x f u
L
=
)
*
*
Pr, , Re *, *, ( *
dx
dp
y x f T
L
=
)
*
*
, , Re *, *, ( *
dx
dp
Sc y x f C
L A
=
0 *
*
*
Re
2
=
c
c
=
y
L
f
y
u
C
) Re *, (
Re
2
L
L
f
x f C =
0 *
*
*
=
c
c
+ = =
y
f
f
y
T
k
L h
Nu
0 *
*
*
=
c
c
+ = =
y
A
AB
m
y
C
D
L h
Sh
Pr) , Re *, (
L
x f Nu = ) , Re *, ( Sc x f Sh
L
=
Pr) , (Re
L
f Nu = ) , (Re Sc f Sh
L
=
) (Re
Re
2
L
L
f
f C =
Boundary Layer Analogies
n
L
f
x f
k
hL
Nu Pr ) Re *, ( =
n
L
AB
m
Sc x f
D
L h
Sh ) Re *, ( =
n
L
n
Sc
Sh
x f
Nu
= = ) Re *, (
Pr
n
p
n
AB m
Le c
Le D
k
h
h

= =
1

From
Observations:
Reynolds Analogies
Sh Nu C
L
f
= =
2
Re
If dp*/dx*=0, Pr=Sc=1, the boundary layer equations for
fluid flow, heat transfer and mass transfer become same form.
m f
St St C = = 2 /
Pr Re
Nu
Vc
h
St
p
=

Sc
Sh
V
h
St
m
m
Re
=
Pr = Sc =1
Chilton-Colburn Analogies
H
f
j St
C
=
3 / 2
Pr
2
0.6 < Pr < 60
m m
f
j Sc St
C
=
3 / 2
2
0.6 < Sc < 3000
For Laminar flow, need dP*/dx* =0;
For turbulent flow, doesnt need dp*/dx*=0
Evaporative Cooling
The term evaporative cooling originates from association of the latent energy
created by evaporation at a liquid interface with a reduction in the thermal
energy of the liquid. If evaporation occurs in the absence of other energy transfer
processes, the thermal energy, and hence the temperature of the liquid, must decrease.
If the liquid is to be maintained at a fixed temperature, energy loss due
to evaporation must be replenished by other means. Assuming convection
heat transfer at the interface to provide the only means of energy inflow to
the liquid, an energy balance yields
Evaporative Cooling
conv evap
q q '' '' =
" " " "
rad evap add conv
q q q q + = +
fg A sat A m fg A s
h Ts h h n T T h * ]} ) ( [ * { * ) (
, ,
"

= =
" "
evap conv
q q =
fg A sat A
m
s
h Ts
h
h
T T * ] ) ( [ ) (
, ,
=
With radiation from the interface and heat addition by other means,
Example 1
Analogy between heat and mass transfer
Example 1
Known: Boundary layer temperature and heat flux at a
location on a solid in an air stream given T and V
Find: Water vapor concentration and flux associate with
the same location on a larger surface
Assumptions: Steady state, 2-D, incompressible
boundary layer behavior, constant properties; boundary
layer approximations are valid; molar fraction of water
vapor is much less than unit.
Example 1
Properties: Table A.4 air (50 C) v, k, Pr, Table A.6
saturated water vapor (50C), , Table A.8 Water vapor-
air (50C), D
AB
=
Analysis:
T* = f(x*, y*, Re
L
, Pr, dp*/dx*)
C
A
*= f(x*, y*, Re
L
, Sc, dp*/dx*)
Example 1
For case 1 (L=1m):
Re
L,1
= 5.5x10
6
, Pr=0.7

For case 2 (L=2m):
Re
L,2
= 5.5x10
6
, Sc=0.7

Re
L,1
=Re
L,2
, Pr= Sc, x
1
*=x
2
*, y
1
*=y
2
*
Example 1
T*=(T-T
s
)/(T

T
s
) = f(x*, y*, Re
L
, Pr, dp*/dx*)

C
A
*=(C
A
-C
A,s
)/(C
A,
- C
A,s
)=f(x*, y*, Re
L
, Sc, dp*/dx*)

We expect T* = C
A
* = f ( . )

We can calculate C
A
from T*

and h
m
from h (Sh=Nu ?)

And N
A
= h
m
(C
A,s
-C
A,
)
Example 2
Dry air at atmospheric pressure blows across a thermometer whose bulb
has been covered with a dampened wick. This classic wet-bulb
thermometer indicates a steady-state T reached by a small amount of
liquid evaporating into a large amount of unsaturated vapor-gas mixture.
The thermometer reads at 18.3 C. At this T, the following properties
were evaluated:
Vapor pressure of water: 0.021 bar, density of air: 1.22 kg/m
3
Latent heat

of water vaporization: 2458 J/kg, Pr: 0.72, Sc: 0.61
Specific heat, c
p
of air: 0.56 J/kg/c
What is the Temperature of dry air ?
Example 2
Known: Thermophysical properties and T of water
Find: Temperature of dry air
Schematic:
p
H2O
=0.021 bar
T
s
=18.3 C
h
fg
=2458 J/kg
T

=?
C
H2O,
= 0
=1.22 kg/m
3
c
p
=0.56 J/kg/C
Pr=0.72 Sc=0.61
q
conv
q
evap
Example 2
Assumption: Steady-state, constant properties
Analysis:
Energy balance: q
conv
= q
evap
The energy required to evaporate the water is supplied by convective heat
transfer.

q
conv
= h(T

T
s
) = h
fg
*M
H2O
*N
H2O
Example 2
Where N
H2O
is the molar flux of water transferred from thermometer to air

N
H2O
= h
m
*(C
H2O,S
-C
H2O,
)

) (
, 2 , 2
2

+ =
O H S O H
m O H fg
s
C C
h
h M h
T T
How do we determine h
m
/h and C
H2O,S
?
Example 2
Pr = 0.72, Sc = 0.61,
Reynolds analogy is not accurate
Chilton-Colburn analogy can be used to relate h
m
and h.
J
H
= J
m
or St*Pr
2/3
= St
m
*Sc
2/3
St
m
/St= (Pr/Sc)
2/3
Example 2
St = h/(Vc
p
), St
m
= h
m
/V
St
m
/St= (h
m
/h)*(c
p
) = (Pr/Sc)
2/3
h
m
/h = (Pr/Sc)
2/3
/(c
p
)
From ideal gas law: PV = nRT
C
H2O,S
= n/V = P/(R*T
s
)
Example 2


) (
, 2 , 2
2

+ =
O H S O H
m O H fg
s
C C
h
h M h
T T
)
*
(
) (Pr/
3 / 2
2
s P
O H fg s
T R
P
c
Sc
M h T T

+ =

M
H2O
= 18 (kg/kmol), R = 0.08314 (m
3
bar/kmol/K)

T

= 18.3C + 2458 (J/kg)* 18 (kg/kmol) * (0.72*0.61)

2/3
/(1.22 kg/m
3
*0.56J/kg/C)*(0.021 bar/0.08314 (m
3
bar/kmol/K)
/(18.3+273.15)K = 18.3 + 32.4 = 50.7 C

Example 3
As a means to prevent ice formation on the wings of small aircraft, it is
proposed that electric resistance heating elements be installed within the
wings. To determine the representative power requirements, considering
normal flying conditions for which plane moves at 100 m/s in air that is at
-23 C and has properties of k=0.022 W/mK, Pr=0.72, and =16.3x10
-6
m
2
/s.
If the characteristic length of the airfoil is L=2m and the wind tunnel
measurements indicate an average friction coefficient of =0.0025 for the
normal conditions, what is the average heat flux needed to maintain a surface
temperature of T
s
=5 C?
f
C
Example 3
Known: Nominal operating conditions of aircraft,
characteristic length and average friction coefficient of wing
Find: Average heat flux needed to maintain prescribed surface
temperature of wing
Schematic:
Example 3
Assumption: Steady-state, constant properties
Analysis:
The average heat flux that must be maintained over
the surface of the air foil is
where the average convection coefficient ( ) may be
obtained from the modified Reynolds analogy
(Chilton-Colburn Analogy).
h
Example 3
Lecture 11b