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m = #originally marked = 10 n = total # caught in 2nd sample = 15 r = # caught in 2nd sample that were marked = 5
N= mn = 10 x 15 = 30 r 5
EX: A country growing at 4% per year will double their populations in how many years?
70 4 = 17.5 years
Generation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Total Population if all females in each generation lay 120 eggs and then die
120 7.2 x 103 4.3 x 105 2.5 x 107 1.5 x 109 9.3 x 1010 5.5 x 1012
Carrying capacity
Number of individuals that an area can support and still remain healthy. Represented by K on graph Not fixed value- may vary depending on season.
If drought is present, the CC will likely be lower than in year with good rainfall.
When CC is exceeded (overshoot), death rate exceeds birth rate. Population crashes or experiences dieback Creates pattern of population explosion followed by population crash- irruptive or Malthusian growth.
REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES
r-selected strategists (Malthusian strategies) Short life Rapid growth Early maturity Many small offspring Little parental care & protection Little investment in individual offspring Adapted to unstable environment Pioneers, colonizers Generalists Prey Low-trophic level Insects, rodents, invertebrates, parasites, annual plants K-selected strategists (logical strategies)
Long life Slower growth Late maturity Fewer large offspring High parental care & protection High investment in individual offspring Adapted to stable environment Later stages of succession Specialists Predators High trophic level Elephants, primates, wolves, whales
Age 0 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Both Sexes 76 75 71 66 61 57 52 47 43 38 33 29 25 21 17
Male 73 72 68 63 58 54 49 44 40 35 31 27 23 19 15
Female 79 78 74 69 64 59 55 50 45 40 36 31 27 22 18
Life expectancy- probable number of years of survival for an individual of a given age. Life span- longest period of life reached by a given type of organism.
70
75 80 85
14
11 8 6
12
9 7 5
15
11 8 6
Survivorship
Survivorship- % of a cohort that survives to a certain age. 3 Periods
Pre-reproductive period (0-15 years) Reproductive period (16-45 years) Post-reproductive period (46 yearsdeath)
3 patterns of survivorship
1. Type I- Late Loss
Reproduction early in life Low mortality at birth High probability of surviving to advanced age Death rates increase during advanced age Advances in prenatal care, nutrition, disease prevention, and cures/ immunizations = increased life spans for people. EX: humans, annual plants, sheep, elephants (Kstrategists)
3 patterns of survivorship
2. Type II- Constant Loss
Uniform death rates throughout all age categories Predation on all age groups primary means of death. Seen in organisms that reach adult age quickly. EX: Rodents, perennial plants, songbirds Also die from accidents, poison, other random acts
3 patterns of survivorship
3. Type III- Early Loss
Large # of offspring Reproduce for most of lifetime High infant mortality rate EX: sea turtles, trees, internal parasites, fish oysters (r-strategists)