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Electronic Structure of
Atom
Electron Configuration
1
Summary :
(Previous Lecture)
Energy Sublevels
s p d f g
Summary :
(Previous Lecture)
Orbital
The space where there is a high
probability that it is occupied by
a pair of electrons.
Orbitals are solutions of
Schrodinger’s equations.
Summary :
(Previous Lecture)
Orbitals in Sublevels
Sublevel # Orbitals # electrons
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14
g 9 18
Summary (Previous Lecture) :
Shell – electrons with the same value of n
Subshell – electrons with the same values of n and l
n=2
If l = 1, then ml = -1, 0, or +1
2p
3 orbitals
l=1
n=3
If l = 2, then ml = -2, -1, 0, +1, or +2
l=2
7.6
Electron Configuration
The way electrons are arranged
around the nucleus.
Three rules are used to build the
electron configuration:
Aufbau’s principle
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Hund’s Rule
9
Aufbau’s Principle
Electrons occupy orbitals of lower energy first.
Aufbau
Diagra
m
Energy of orbitals in a single electron atom
Energy only depends on principal quantum number n
n=3
n=2
1
En = -RH( )
n2
n=1
7.7
Energy of orbitals in a multi-electron atom
Energy depends on n and l
n=3 l = 2
n=3 l = 1
n=3 l = 0
n=2 l = 1
n=2 l = 0
n=1 l = 0
7.7
“Fill up” electrons in lowest energy orbitals (Aufbau principle)
? ?
Li
Be
B
C5 6
34electrons
electrons
BBe
Li1s1s
1s
2s2s
2s
2p
2 222 12 1
H
He1 2electron
electrons
He
H 1s
1s12
7.7
Pauli Exclusion Principle
(Wolfgang Pauli, Austria, 1900-1958)
-Electron Spin Quantum Number
auli exclusion principle - no two electrons in an atom
can have the same four quantum numbers.
An orbital can hold only two electrons
and they must have opposite spin.
1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
7.7
Notations of Electron
Configurations
Standard
Shorthand
Aufbau
Diagram
for
Fluorine
Standard Notation
Number of electrons
of Fluorine in the sub level 2,2,5
1s 2s 2p
2 2 5
r g y
n e
in E
l
Ma Leve
e r s
b
m
Nu , 2, 2 Sublevels
1
Shorthand Notation
Use the last noble gas that is
located in the periodic table right
before the element.
Write the symbol of the noble gas
in brackets.
Write the remaining configuration
after the brackets.
Ex: Fluorine: [He] 2s2 2p5
Periodic Table
8.2
Outermost subshell being filled with electro
7.8
Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
2p 2p
7.8
The most stable arrangement of
electrons in subshells is the one with
the greatest number of parallel spins
(Hund’s rule).
N
F
O
C
Ne96
7
8 10
electrons
electrons
electrons
Ne
N
O
C
F 1s
1s
1s222s
2s
2s2p
2p
2p2346
2 222 5
7.7
What is the electron configuration of Mg?
Mg 12 electrons
1s22s22p63s2 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 = 12 electrons
1s22s22p63s23p5 2 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 5 = 17 electrons