Lecture 4

SHELL BALANCE
A mathematical expression showing the balance of rate of change of
momentum and forces acting on the control volume.
(NEWTONS SECOND LAW OF MOTION)
Balance is made on a small shell of dimensions x, y, z
All quantities are written in terms of fluxes
Solution gives velocity distribution leading to maximum velocity,
average velocity, flow rates and stresses at surfaces etc
This procedure of analysis is called analysis through first principle
Generally can be applied to simple geometries and idealized flow
situations
A combination of these simple analysis lead to complex
geometries and flow systems
Simple system analysis help in understanding complex systems

PROCEDURE OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA ANALYSIS

1. Draw a physical diagram.
2. Identify all transport mechanisms
3. Set a frame of coordinates and draw the direction of all transport
processes identified in step 2.
4. Draw a shell, whether it be one, two or three dimensional
depending on the number of transport direction, such that its
surfaces are perpendicular to the transport direction.
5. Carry out the momentum shell balance as below:



This should give a first-order ODE in terms of shear stress
Rate of Rate of All forces acting
0
Momentum In Momentum Out on the system
| | | | | |
+ =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
Procedure Of Transport Phenomena Analysis, contd.
6. If the fluid is Newtonian, apply the Newton law. However, if the
fluid is non-Newtonian, apply any appropriate non-Newtonian law
empirical equation.
This should give a second order ODE in terms of velocity.
7. Impose physical constraint on the boundary of the physical system.
8. This gives rise to boundary conditions.
Note that the number of boundary conditions must match the order
of the differential equation.
9. Solve the equation for the velocity distribution.
10. Then obtain the mean velocity, flow rate and the shear force.
NO-SLI P AT THE WALL
Also called boundary condition of the first kind
At solid-fluid interface, the fluid velocity equals to the velocity of
the solid surface.

Common Boundary Conditions in Fluid Mechanics
SYMMETRY
At the plane of symmetry in flows the velocity field is the same on
either side of the plane of symmetry, the velocity must go through a
minimum or a maximum at the plane of symmetry.
Thus, the boundary condition to use is that the first derivative of the
velocity is zero at the plane of symmetry




at the wall
fluid wall
V V =
at the plane of symmetry
0
fluid
m
V
x
c
=
c
STRESS CONTI NUI TY
When a fluid forms one of the boundaries of the flow, the stress is
continuous from one fluid to another, there are two possibilities
1. For a viscous fluid in contact with a zero or very low viscosity
fluid.
1. At the boundary, the stress in the viscous fluid is the same
as the stress in the inviscid fluid.
2. Since the inviscid fluid can support no shear stress (zero
viscosity) this means that the stress is zero at this interface.
3. The boundary condition between a fluid such as a polymer
and air, for example, would be that the shear stress in the
polymer at the interface would be zero.



This is also called Boundary Condition of Second Kind
OR Newmann BC
at the boundary of two fluids
0
ij
t =
STRESS CONTI NUI TY, contd.
Alternatively if two viscous fluids meet and form a flow boundary,
1. This same boundary condition would require that the stress in
one fluid equal the stress in the other at the boundary.



( ) ( )
at the boundary at the boundary
fluid 1 fluid 2
ij ij
t t =
VELOCI TY CONTI NUI TY
When a fluid forms one of the boundaries of the flow then along
with stress at the boundary, the velocity is also continuous from one
fluid to another.



This is also called Boundary Condition of Fourth Kind

( ) ( ) fluid 1 fluid 2
at the boundary at the boundary
V V =