Project Planning

Construction Management
Dr. Samia Ali

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Planning
Definition: It is the area that concerned with the various methods of arranging and employing materials, equipments, labours, money, and subcontractors to carry out the day-to-day operations of the project. .

Dr. Samia Ali

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PLANNING : Who & Why?

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Estimating Dept. , to develop proposed onstruction methods, estimates.

Site manager. , to determine resource equirements to direct his resources. evaluate effect of changes. THE PERSON IN CHARGE OF WORK MUST PLAN HIS WORK OR SUFFER THE RESULTING UNCERTAINTY.

c
r

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PLANNING TECHNIQUES
Bar Chart Network Techniques. * PERT, Program Evaluation & Review Technique. * CPM, Critical Path Method Technique. Resource Oriented Techniques. * LOB, Line Of Balance Technique. * Time-Location Technique.

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BAR CHART

During world war I, Mr. Gantt. Most directly and understood method for project planning. Limitations: dependencies not clear. Detailed activity not enough.

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BAR CHART
# 1 Foundations 2 Underground 3 services Rough 4 mechanical & Structural steel 5 Exterior walls 6 Roof 7 8 9 1St floor slab 2nd floor slab Operation Demolition Quantity duration Amt. Unit 8 14 6 12 5 12 6 4 6 12 10 8 -13.76 --50 371.6 464.5 76.46 95.57 -325.2 1208 -m3 --ton m2 m2 m3 m3 -m2 m2 3/30 4/6 4/13 4/20 4/27 Week Ending 5/4 5/11 5/18 5/25 6/1 8/6 6/15

Finish 10 mechanical & Interior part 11 Paint 12

Holiday

Work Planned Work Complete

5/1

Time Now

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BAR CHART
Easy to understand, most widely used. List of activities, start, duration, and finish plotted in a time scale. Level of detail & time scale chosen to suit the users purpose. Good communication method between engineer and foreman.
% completion Activity# 1 2 3 Actual 100 67 40
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Programmed 100 95 95
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Network techniques
Both were developed independently in parallel CPM critical path method

1956, DU PONT CO.

Construction of chemical plants. Team headed by walker of DU PONT CO. & Kelley of ROND CORP. PERT program evaluation & review technique 1957, U.S. SPICAL Projects office. Hamilton, Manag. Consultants & Lockheed Missile & space Division (prim contractor)
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THE CPM
A TIME MANAGEMENT TOOL THAT:
1- Overcome the difficult time control task. 2- Enable managers to handle large number of activities and complicated relationships in a simple and understandable way. 3- Applies well to all construction work. 4- Based on graphical network model.

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THE CPM
NETWORK :

1-Presents in diagrammatic form all the job activities and their mutual time dependencies.
2- A simple and effective medium for communication complex job inter-dependencies. 3- Serves as a basis for calculation of work schedules.

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THE CPM
A THREE PHASE PROCEDURE :

1- planning , what to be done, how, and logic.

2- schedule , when determines calendar date for project components 3- control , comparing actual progress with programmed schedule.

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THE CPM
ADVANTAGES: 1- shows relationships. 2- more effective planning. 3- pinpoints problem areas. 4- improves communications. 5- resource allocation. 6- study of alternate courses of action. 7- management by exception identifying the critical operations, and permits true MBE.

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THE CPM
Limitations : 1- Not a substitute for thinking or planning. 2- Project manager and his staff must be a part of the planning process. 3- Should not be confined to the preliminary planning stages of the project. 4- It furnishes only information.

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OUTLINE OF STEPS IN USING CPM

1- Analyze the project, define activities.
2- show activities technological dependences on a network chart. (precedence or arrow diagram) 3- estimate time duration for each activity and associated required resource. 4- basic scheduling, perform computations to locate critical path, and to obtain other useful scheduling information.

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OUTLINE OF STEPS IN USING CPM

5- time cost trade-offs., to develop the most economical project duration.
6- resources allocation, determine schedule resource feasibility and efficiency. 7- use schedule to control progress. 8- revise and update the schedule.

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Project documents
Activity list Basic resource managing Network diagram Duration & resource estimate Basic critical path calculations Time-cost adjustment

Time-resource adjustment
Schedule plan for implementation

Is current plan ok
update Project complete
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Field reports

THE PLANNING PHASE

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Requires: 1- Intimate knowledge of construction method. 2- Ability to visualize discrete work elements. 3- Establish activities mutual inter-independencies. 4- done by experienced people familiar with the type of field work involved. 5- participation of responsible field implementation personal. Consists of three steps: Activity 1- determine job steps activities Logic 2- define activities sequential relationship. Network 3- present planning information on a network diagram

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THE PLANNING PHASE

Job activities :

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Activity : a single work step that has a recognizable beginning and end and requires time for its accomplishment. Project subdivision :
1. 2. 3. 4. Area of responsibility general or subcontractor Category of work labour, equipments, materials Structural elements footing, walls, beams Purpose owners bidding, payments , contractors cost accounting & estimate

Level of details : depends upon: - Who will use the network? - What are the users interests ? - Manag. Span of control.

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THE PLANNER ATTITUDES AND ASSUPTIONS

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Be prepared for the task Should have open mind with regard to construction methods. NO arbitrary imposed restrictions on activities. The planner must not only ask the field personnel HOW? They plan to do the job, but must be able to raise questions ask WHY? Things should be done they way proposed. Assume unlimited resources. Restrictions of time and space are not a proper consideration when constructing the initial network.
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The activity list

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From reviewing plans and specifications. Job logic : - The determined order in which the activities are to be accomplished in the field . - Showing job activities logic produces the net work. - Evolves naturally as the job is discussed and the network diagram progresses. - For every activity in the activity list ask, what does this activity depends upon?

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BASIC PRECEDENCE DIAGRAMING

Originally termed activity on the node by Fondahl.

Each time-consuming activity is portrayed by a rectangular figure.

The relationship among the activities are expressed by a connecting line or link from one activity to the other.

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LOGIC BATTERNS
The identity of the activity and a considerable amount of other information pertaining are entered into its rectangular box.
20 60

A
20

B
30

a) Independent relationships

b) Dependent relationships

Activity B depends upon the completion of activity A

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LOGIC PATTERNS
20

A
22

30

40

B
20 30

E
40

c) Merging relationships

C
42

d) Bursting relationships

E
20 30

40

C
Redundant link to be removed
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LOGIC PATTERNS
A B C A
start

F E
Finish

Closing the network to give single beginning and ending activities

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10

25

A
5
start

E
35
Finish

15

B
20 30

1 2 3 Sequence steps and network numbering

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Drawing the diagram

Two stages : 1- Construct a rough diagram with all the dependences from the activity list. From this drawing the sequence no. for each activity are determined. 2- Assemble the finished drawing with the activities arranged in sequence step order. With all redundant links removed and with all activities given their final numbers.

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EXAMPLE: Remoulding chemical LAB

Activity list
# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 CODE 20 50 55 100 45 85 40 65 70 60 80 90 95 10 15 25 30 35 75 Activity Strip room Repair walls and ceiling Repair floor Lay vinyl floor Rough-in plumbing & electrical Finish plumbing & electrical Replace existing fume hood Install new fume hood Install 1/3 base cabinets Install wall cabinets Install chemical sink Paint cabinets Paint walls and ceiling Obtain vinyl floor covering Obtain cabinets obtain fume hood Obtain chemical sink Painter avialability Install 2/3 base cabinets 1, 1, 3, 1 2, 1 2, 2, 2, 2, 6, 2, Depends upon -5, 7 5 12, 13, 14 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12 3, 3, 3, 3, 8, 3,

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16 8, 13 7, 15 5, 9, 17 9, 10, 11, 12 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 -----2, 3, 9, 15

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Ball-of-string diagram Remoulding chemical company

1 2 16 2
Contract award

18

11

2
4 10 2 4 17 2 3 4 5 3

8
9 6 7 3 10 5 8 5

14 2

12 9

19 7

15 2

13 9
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Precedence diagram 1 2
10 14 15 15 20 5
Contract award

10

60 10 40 7 45 50 2 70 9 75 19

85

90 12

1 25 16 30 17 35 18

5
55 3

65
8

80
11 95 13

100 4

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Dr. Samia Ali

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