coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III

Chapter 8 European Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750 - 1000

The World of the Carolingians

Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire (768 814)

Pepin (751 768) / Deposed Last Merovingian Charlemagne Expansion of the Carolingian Empire

Army Gathered Each Spring for Campaign Carolingians Crush the Lombards in Italy (773) Disastrous Campaign in Spain (777) Campaigns against the Saxons Bavarians, Slavs and Avars

Charlemagne

p. 217

Chronology, p. 217

Governing Charlemagnes Empire

Governing the Empire

Income from Royal Estates Counts as administrators Missi Dominici System very inefficient Help from the Church
Pope Leo III (795 816) Charlemagne crowned emperor in 800

Charlemagne as Emperor

The Carolingian Empire

Map 8-1, p. 218

The Carolingian Intellectual Revival

Carolingian Renaissance Scriptoria Carolingian Miniscule

copying of manuscripts was a major task of monastic establishments in the Middle Ages. The work took place in a scriptorium or writing room. To copy an entire book was considered a work of special spiritual merit. Copying the Bible was especially important because it was considered a sacred object. This monk had the benefit of wearing eyeglasses, first introduced in the 13th C and refined in the 14th p. C. 219

Charlemagnes Chapel at Aachen

p. 220

Life in the Carolingian World

The Church, Marriage and Sexuality

Diet and Health

Monogamy Divorce Prohibited The Nuclear Family

Christianity and Sexuality

Celibacy Sexual Activity permitted only within marriage Homosexuality

Bread as the basic staple Pork, Wild Game, Dairy, Eggs, Vegetables Gluttony and Drunkenness Medical Practices Herbs and Bleeding Magic

Bleeding was a regular part of medieval medical practice. It involved the withdrawing of blood from a person in the belief that doing so would bring balance to the body and thus heal a diseased condition. This fourteenth-century manuscript illustration shows a physician bleeding his patient with a cut in the arm. As the physician squeezes the arm, the blood spurts into a bowl; the patient seems to be quite anxious about the procedure. Bloodletting in Early Medieval Medicine

p. 223

Disintegration of the Carolingian Empire

Louis the Pious (814 840)

Treaty of Verdun (843)

Charles the Bald (843 877): Western Section Louis the German (843 876): Eastern Section Lothair (840 855): Middle Section

Emergence of two different cultures Conflicts between the three sons of Louis the Pious

Charles the Bald, who took control of the western Frankish lands, is pictured here in an illustration from his first Bible, which dates from between 843 and 851. Illustrated Bibles were one of the finest achievements of Carolingian art.

p. 225

a page from a ninth-century chronicle, showing the use of the Carolingian minuscule style of writing.

p. 225

Division of the Carolingian Empire by the Treaty of Verdun, 843

p. 225

Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

Map 8-2, p. 226

Invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

Muslims and Magyars

Muslims attack in Mediterranean Magyars settled in modern day Hungary Germanic People from Scandinavia Warriors and Shipbuilders Russia Ireland, England and France Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland

The Vikings

The Vikings Attack England

a group of armed Vikings invading England. Two ships have already reached the shore, and a few Vikings are shown walking down a long gangplank onto English soil.

p. 228

a replica of a wellpreserved Viking ship found at Oseberg, Norway. The Oseberg ship was one of the largest Viking ships in its day.

p. 228

The Emerging World of Lords and Vassals

Feudalism

Lords and Vassals Larger Horses and Stirrup Exchange of land (fief) for service Act of Homage Fragmented authority in the ninth century Subinfeudation Responsibilities between Lords and Vassals

A Knights Equipment

introduction of the high saddle, stirrup, and larger horses allowed horsemen to wear heavier armor and to wield long lances, vastly improving the fighting ability of the cavalry.

p. 229

New Political Configurations in the Tenth Century

Eastern Franks

Otto I (936--973)
Hugh Capet

Western Franks

Capetian dynasty

Anglo-Saxon England

Alfred the Great, king of Wessex (871 899)

Chronology, p. 232

A Typical Manor

The manorial system created small, tightly knit communities in which peasants were economically and physically bound to their lord. Crops were rotated, with roughly onethird of the fields lying fallow at any one time, which helped replenish soil nutrients Map 8-3, p. 233

The Manorial System

The Manor Peasants and Serfs

60% of European population had become serfs by ninth century Working the demesne (lords land) and paying rents Lords legal rights over the serfs

Peasants in the Manorial System. In the manorial system, peasants were required to provide labor services for their lord. This thirteenth-century illustration shows a group of English peasants harvesting grain. Overseeing their work is a bailiff, or manager, who supervised the work of the peasants.
p. 233

The Zenith of Byzantine Civilization

Michael III (842 867)

Foreign attacks continue Differences with the West Increased Prosperity Conversion of the Prince of Kiev, Russia Military Offensive in the tenth century Basil II (976 1025)

The Macedonian Dynasty (867 1081)

Under the Macedonian dynasty, the Byzantine Empire achieved economic prosperity through expanded trade and gained new territories through military victories. This mosaic over the western door of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople depicts the Macedonian emperor Leo VI prostrating himself before Jesus, symbolized the emperors role as an intermediary between God and the empire
p. 236

The Byzantine Empire in 1025

p. 237

The Slavic Peoples of Central and Eastern Europe

Conversion to Christianity by German Missionaries

Poland Hungary Moravia Bulgars Encounters with Vikings The Rus Kiev Vladimir (c. 980 1015)

Conversion to Christianity by Byzantines

Eastern Slavs

Originally from eastcentral Europe, the Slavic people broke into three groups. The western Slavs converted to Catholic Christianity, while the eastern Slavs and southern Slavs, under the influence of the Byzantine Empire, embraced the Eastern Orthodox faith

The Migrations of the Slavs

Map 8-4, p. 237

The World of Islam

The Umayyad Dynasty

Abu al-Abbas puts an end to the Umayyads (750)

New Capital in Baghdad Harun al-Rashed (786 809) Al-Mamun (813 833) Abd al-Rahman (756)

The Abbasid Dynasty

Spain and the Continuation of the Umayyads

Fatimid Egypt (973)

The Abbasid Caliphate at the Height of Its Power

p. 239

Chronology, p. 240

Islamic Civilization

Arabic as an international language Cities

Baghdad Cairo Cordova Population of 100,000

Science and Philosophy Paper and Books Mathematics and Natural Sciences Chemistry and Medicine

Ibn Sina (980 1037)

Medical Encyclopedia

Great Mosque of Cordoba, interior of the sanctuary, with its two levels of arches. Although the Umayyad caliphs of Damascus were overthrown and replaced by the Abbasid dynasty in the eighth century, the independent Umayyad dynasty in Spain lasted until the eleventh century. p. 241

Timeline, p. 242

Discussion Questions

How was Charlemagne able to unite and govern his large empire? Why were the invasions of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries so damaging to Europe? What liberties did peasants give up in exchange for land and protection from their lords? What impact did the Byzantine world have on the Slavic people of Central and Eastern Europe and vice versa? What were the factors that contributed to the flourishing of Islamic Civilization under the the Abbasids? What were some of the problems within the Abbasid Empire?