1. A group is composed two or more persons interacting with each other, guided by a set of norms 2.

A group is a specified number of individuals where each recognizes members are distinct from non members each has a sense of what others do and think as well as what the purpose of the association of grouping is. The word group is often used to refer to two or more people coming together. However a social group consist of two or more people who interact recurrently in a patterned way and who recognize that they constitute a distinct social unit.

3. Three meanings are always implied by the term group

A. Some people use it to refer to a set of individuals with some similar characteristics, such as age or 0ccupation. This meaning emphasizes the sharing of traits and its better called a social category B. Individuals sometimes speak of a group as any number of individuals who meet occationally or regularly and have a sense of who is present or absent. C. Still others use group to mean a Specific numbers of individuals, where each recognizes members from nonmembers.

 Social group differ from social aggregates , which are made up of people who happen to be in the same place but share little else.

A social group also differs from a statiscal group, which consist of people classified together because they share certain characteristics

1. Permanence beyond meetings and members that is even when members are dispersed. 2. Means for identifying members 3. Mechanism for recruiting new members 4. Goals or purposes 5. Socials statues and roles i.e nor for behavior

6. Means for controlling members behavior

 The social unit called a group must be identifiable as such, both by its members and by outside observers The group has a social structure in the sense that each member, or person, has a position related to other positions There are individual roles in the group. Reciprocal relations are essential to the group

 Every group has a norms of behavior that influence the way in which the roles are enacted.

The members of the group have certain common interest and values.
Group activity, if not the very existence of the group itself, must be directed towards some social goal or goals

A group must have relative permanence

Common Ancestry Is the tradionally the strongest tie that binds human being in their social relations, although its importancs has been greatly lessened in the modern, complex and large scale societies Territory shared in common Territorial proximity is a good basis for a groups classification, people comprimising a group must be limited to a physical territory

Similar bodily characteristics In the primative societies the similarity of biological characteristics is closely allied to the facts of common ancestry, as well as common territory.
Common interest Is the basis for a great variety of modern social groupings. In fact the interest group is sociologically more significant than the other group

Primary group As a group that is characterized by intimate face-toface relationship and close association and cooperation. Are groups in which relationship are spontaneous, personal, and intimate. Secondary group Are groups in which relationship are impersonal and widely separate Larger than primary groups and their members do not necessarily interact with all other member

In-groups and Out-groups In group- a group that members use as a point of reference Out group- those who are not belong to ingroup are part of the out group Informal and Formal Groups Informal group- arises spontaneously out of the interaction of two or more persons. Formal groups- are groups where the purpose and objectives are explicity labeled

 Individuals in the pressence of others become aroused or motivated to perform some kinds of physical and social skills at higher levels of excellence than they would if they were alone. An individual is stimulated by the pressence of others is called social facilitation. The pressence of others ma inhibit the learning of new subject matter; individuals can assimilate information more rapidly by themeselves . This situation is called social inhibitation in which the pressence of others blocks or retards other performance.

Diagramming social relationship Moreno contended that the social scientist could only study the mix of feelings that persons have about one another in any social relationship, this approach is called sociometry. Sociometry Helps us understand how people interrelate in social relationship in which everyone knows everybody else

Social network A persons social network consist of all those people to whom he/she is directly and indirectly linked

Size Groups vary in times of their sizes. Social relationships range in numbers from two persons up to the entire population. Structure Refers to the patterning of actuals behavior, when people do the same things repeatedly in the same time circumtances, we refer to the situation as having stucture

Nature of goals Just as any groups interaction is influenced by its size and structure, groups also vary in terms of the nature of their goals. Identifiability of members. Sociologist often catalogue social relationship using the yardsticks of whether or not a person recognizes other individuals. Cohesiveness Is the degree to which members of a group cooperate. It refers to the intensity of confirmity, degree of social participation, feeling of satisfaction, and level of productivity in a group

 Bureaucracy refers to a formal, rationally organized, and highly orgnized social structure with clearly defined patterns of activity in which, ideally, every series of actions is fundamentally related to organizations purpose.

It is a pyramid of personnel who conduct, rationally, the work of a large organization. Its features include 1) Specialization 2) Merit appointment 3) Impersonality 4) Chain of command to see that the orders are faithfully followed.

 A clear-cut division of labor Hierarchical delegation of power and responsability Rules and regulations Impartiality Employment based on technical qualifications Distinction between public and private spheres

 Webers model about bureaucracy is really ideal. Less-than-ideal bureaucracy may result in the following: Allienation- this is the term used by Karl Marx to describe the sense of the loss and disconnectedness that is supposed to be present among workers in capitalistic societies Ritualism- bureaucracy demands strict adherence to rules in the order to ensure reliability, but the rules may take on a symbolic meaning far beyond their original rational intent.

 Incompetence- according to the model of weber, workers are hired in the organization because they are technically competent, and it is the responsibility of the supervisor to retain, fire, or demote those workers who are incompetent.