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Ilma Sagita
We may think of this in terms of lexemes, insofar as kick, kicked, kicks, kicking have a predictable part and an unpredictable part to their meaning. The dictionary/lexicon need list only (to) kick.
The word bank is ambiguousit could mean bank1, it could mean bank2. This is different from vagueness, for example with large, small (Mickey is large, Willy is a small), or student (John, Mary) with respect to gender.
Lexical Relation is a culturally recognize pattern of association that exist between lexical unit in language. It categorizes the relationship between words
HOMONYMY
In linguistics, homonym is one of a group of words
that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings, usually as a result of the two words having different origins. The word bank in river bank and Lloyds bank are classified as two different words with separate meanings even though they have the same form.
with
bear
tire
two
with
POLYSEMY
one word with two different meanings Eye is classified as one word with two different meanings. This happens when the difference in meaning is predictable or regular. There is a core meaning from which the other meanings (eye of a needle, eye of a tornado) can be predicted.
HYPONYMY
Hyponymy is the relation of inclusion. A hyponym includes the meaning of a more general words or we might know it as its hypernym (superordinate).
The significance of hyponym is included in its hypernym, also the meaning of the hypernym is included in the meaning of the hyponym.
HYPONYMY
Flower (hypernym)
Rose
Orchid
Jasmine
SYNONYMY
Synonyms are lexemes which have the same meaning English has a lot of synonyms because its vocabulary comes from different sources (Anglo-Saxon, Latin, Greek, French)
Some words only occur in certain styles (salt and sodium chloride) Some words only occur in certain collocations (deep water but not profound water) Some words are emotionally stronger (e.g. freedom, not liberty) Some words overlap in meaning but are not identical (e.g. govern and direct)
ANTONYMY
Gradable antonyms - these are capable of comparison (e.g. wetter, very wet) Complementary (either-or) antonyms - if one applies the other does not (e.g. alive/dead) Converse antonyms - these are mutually dependent; you cannot have one without the other (e.g. wife/husband)
dry
wet large small
first
last married single
happy
sad over under
husband
wife hot cold
MERONYMY
It is a term used to describe a partwhole relationship between lexical items (single or group of words that convey a single meaning).
Examples:
Cover and page are parts of book, thus they are meronyms of book A finger is a part of a hand, thus finger is a meronym of hand Nose is a meronym of face (necessary) Collar is a meronym of shirt (usual but not
obligatory)
Meronymy Vs hyponymy
Hyponymy is always transitive, meaning that if an item is a part of a part, then that first item is part of the larger whole. Examples: hawk is a hyponym of bird, and bird is a hyponym of animal, so hawk is a hyponym of animal Meronymy may or may not be transitive. transitive example: nail is a meronym of finger, and finger of hand, we can say that nail is a meronym of hand, for we can say hand has nails. Intransitive example: hole is a meronym of button, and button of shirt, but we cant say that hole is a meronym of shirt, for we can not say shirt has holes. Formula to distinguish meronymy and hyponymy: Meronymy: oxygen is a part of air Hyponymy: Cheetah is a kind/a type of cat
REFERENCES
Farmer, Ann K., & Demers, Richard A. (2001). A Linguistics Workbook. London: MIT Press. Crystal, David. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Yule, George. (2006). The Study of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press.