Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception

Dr. Jiajun Wang School of Electronics &Information Engineering

Soochow University

Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Outline

Structure of the human eye

Image formation in the human eye Brightness adaptation and discrimination

Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Structure of the human eye

The cornea and sclera outer cover

The choroid
Ciliary body Iris diaphragm Lens

The retina (two kinds of receptors)

Cones vision (photopic/bright-light vision) : centered at fovea, highly sensitive to color Rods (scotopic/dim-light vision) : general view Blind spot
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Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Structure of the human eye

Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Structure of the human eye

Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Image formation in the human eye

Flexible lens: the principle difference from an ordinary optical lens.

Controlled by the tension in the fibers of the ciliary body
To focus on distant objects flattened To focus on objects near eye thicker Near-sighted and far-sighted

Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Image formation in the human eye

Radiant Energy

Light Receptor

Brain

Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Brightness adaptation

Dynamic range of human visual system: 10-6~104 mL (millilambert)

Can not accomplish this range simultaneously

The current sensitivity level of the visual system is called brightness adaptation level

Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Brightness adaptation

Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Brightness discrimination

Weber ratio (the experiment) : I C / I

I: the background illumination

I C : the increment of illumination

Small Weber ratio indicates good discrimination Larger Weber ratio indicates poor discrimination

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Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Brightness discrimination

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Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Psycho-visual effects

The perceived brightness is not a simple function of intensity

Mach band pattern Simultaneous contrast Optical illusion

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Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Mach band pattern

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Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Simultaneous contrast

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Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Optical illusion

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Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Optical illusion

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Digital Image Processing

Elements of Visual Perception Optical illusion

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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization and Other Simple Operations

Dr. Jiajun Wang School of Electronics & Information Engineering

Soochow University

Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Outline

Image formation model

Uniform sampling Uniform quantization

Digital image representation

Relationships between pixels Arithmetic operations Logical operations
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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization and Other Simple Operations Image Formation Model

Monochrome image
Illumination:
f x, y may be characterized by two components : i x, y
r x, y

Reflectance:

f x, y i x, y r x, y 0 i x, y
0 f x, y

0 r x, y 1

Typical values of the illumination and reflectance:

Illumination: sun on earth: 90,000 lm/m2 on a sunny day; 10,000 lm/m2 on a cloud day; moon on clear evening: 0.1 lm/m2; in a commercial office is about 1000 lm/m2 Reflectance: 0.01 for black velvet, 0.65 for stainless steel, 0.80 for flat-white wall paint, 0.90 for silver-plated metal, and 0.93 for snow
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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Uniform sampling and quantization

Sampling
digitalized in spatial domain

Quantization
digitalized in amplitude

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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Uniform sampling and quantization

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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Digital image representation

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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Image resolution

Spatial resolution : the more pixels in a fixed range, the higher the resolution
Gray-level resolution : the more bits, the higher the resolution

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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Image zooming and shrinking

Both applied to digital image

Zooming
Creation of new pixel locations

Assignment of gray levels to those new locations

Pixel replication, when increasing the size of an image an integer times Nearest neighbor interpolation Bilinear interpolation

Bicubic interpolation

Shrinking
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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Bilinear Interpolation

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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Relationships between pixels

Neighbors of a pixel
4-neighbors diagonal-neighbors 8-neighbors

Adjacency
4-adjacency 8-adjacency m-adjacency

(i-1,j(i(i-1,j) 1) 1,j+1) (i,j-1) (i,j)

(i,j+1 )

(i+1,j (i+1,j -1) )

(i+1,j +1)

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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Relationships between pixels

m-adjacency

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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Relationships between pixels

Path: 4, 8, and m-paths

A sequence of distinct pixels from pixel p to q.

Connectivity
Connect set: only has one connected component.

Region
Region is a connected set.

Boundary
The set of pixels in the region which has one or more neighbors that are not in the region.
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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Arithmetic operations

Addition
Subtraction Multiplication

Division

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Digital Image Processing

Sampling, Quantization, and Operations Logical operations

AND
OR Complement (NOT)

XOR

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