Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communication
Source Receiver
Telephone
Computer
Memos,
letters
Flyers, bulletins
Leanest Routine, general reports
clear
Barriers to Effective
Communication
Filtering
Refers to a sender manipulating
information so that it will be seen
more favourably by the receiver.
Selective Perception
Receivers in the communication
process selectively see and hear
based on their needs, motivations,
experience, background, and other
personal characteristics.
Barriers to Effective
Communication
Defensiveness
When individuals interpret another’s
message as threatening, they often respond
in ways that retard effective
communication.
Language
Words mean different things to different
people.
Communication Flows in
Organizations
Downward
Communication that flows from one level of a
group to a lower level
Managers to employees
Upward
Communication that flows to a higher level of a
group
Employees to manager
Lateral
Communication among members of the same work
group, or individuals at the same level
Networks
Connections by which information flow
Formal
Task-related communications that follow the
authority chain
Informal
Communications that flow along social and
relational lines
Exhibit 6-3 Networks
and Their Effectiveness
Chain Wheel All-Channel
Mechanisms
The practices that bring what you stand for
to life and stimulate change
They are intended to demonstrate how
the communication should be
accomplished
Nonverbal
Communication
Messages conveyed through body
movements, facial expressions, and the
physical distance between the sender and the
receiver
Kinesics
The study of body motions, such as gestures, facial
configurations, and other movements of the body
Proxemics
The study of physical space in interpersonal relationships
Communication Barriers
Between Men and
Women
Men use talk to emphasize status,
women use it to create connection
Women and men tend to approach
points of conflict differently
Communication Barriers
Between Men and
Women
Men and women view directness and
indirectness differently
Women interpret male directness as an
assertion of status and one-upmanship
Men interpret female indirectness as covert,
sneaky, and weak
Men criticize women for apologizing, but
women say “I’m sorry” to express
empathy
Cross-Cultural
Communication
Difficulties
Sources of barriers
Semantics
Word connotations
Tonal differences
Culture Contexts
Cultures differ in how much the context
makes a difference in communication
High-context cultures
Cultures that rely heavily on nonverbal and
subtle situational cues in communication.
Low-context cultures
Cultures
that rely heavily on words to convey
meaning in communication
Exhibit 6-5
High- vs. Low-Context Cultures
High Chinese
context
Korean
Japanese
Vietnamese
Arab
Greek
Spanish
Italian
English
North American
Scandinavian
Low Swiss
context German
Cross-Cultural Communications:
Helpful Rules