FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SME 1912 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

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INTERPRETATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA

INTRO
When a scientist or an engineer discovers something new,

he or she may wish to share it with other people. Other people also want to know as much as possible about the new discovery The new discovery may involve such thing as the quantity, property, behavior of a new material. But, the new discovery may not be well explained if it is not presented in a standard measuring system that is understood by all.

DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

Dimensions: Physical parameters are distinguished by their

dimensions. For instance, parameters representing distance are expressed in dimensions of length, symbolically denoted by L. Mass is expressed by M, time by T, and temperature by .For example, if D is a length term such as the diameter of a pipe or cylinder, [D] indicates the dimensions of D. Symbolically then, [D] = L, reads: D has dimension of length.
Units: The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are

called units

DIMENSIONS AND UNITS - primary and secondary

Primary or Fundamental Dimensions: Some basic

dimensions such as mass M, length L, time T, and temperature are selected as Primary or Fundamental Dimensions.
Secondary or Derived Dimensions: Others

dimension such as area A (L2), velocity V (L/T), and Force F (ML/T2) are expressed in term of the primary dimensions and are called Secondary or Derived Dimensions.
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DIMENSIONS AND UNITS

MLT : Mass, Length, Time - widely used
FLT : Force, Length, Time FMLT : Force, Mass, Length, Time

BASIC SI QUANTITY AND UNIT

Basic SI Units There are seven fundamental quantity and units Quantity Unit Symbol Length meter m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric Curent ampere A Temperature kelvin K Luminous Intensity candela cd Amount of Matter mole mole
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BASIC SI QUANTITY AND UNIT - engineering units

Engineering Units
Unit Symbol

Radian Hertz Newton Pascal Coulomb Henry Hectare

rad Hz N Pa C H ha
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BASIC SI QUANTITY AND UNIT - engineering units

Tonne Liter Volt Ampere Farad Joule Watt Weber Degree Minute t l V A F J W Wb
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BASIC SI QUANTITY AND UNIT - MLT system

Symbol Quantity Basic Dimension SI Units

A a A F g H L M m

area acceleration speed of sound force gravitational acceleration head length mass mass flow rate

L2 L/T2 L/T ML/T2 L/T2 L L M M/T

m2 m/s2 m/s N m/s2 m m kg kg/s

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BASIC SI QUANTITY AND UNIT - MLT system

Symbol Quantity Basic Dimension SI Units

N P p Q t V v W

rotational speed 1/T power ML2/T3 pressure M/(LT2) discharge L3/T time T volume L3 velocity L/T work ML2/T2 compressibility coefficient LT2/M viscosity M/(LT)

1/s W Pa m3/s s m3 m/s N.m m2/N N.s/m2

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BASIC SI QUANTITY AND UNIT - MLT system

Symbol Quantity Basic Dimension SI Units

kinematic viscosity angular velocity density shear stress

L2/T 1/T M/L3 M/LT2

m2/s 1/s kg/m3 Pa

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NUMERICAL, MULTIPLE AND SMALL DIVISION UNITS

Small integer numbers without unit always

written in word: rotodynamic pump can be classified to three categories.

Number always written as a numerical: at velocity 1400 rpm, mass flow rate.
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NUMERICAL, MULTIPLE AND SMALL DIVISION UNITS

In engineering, the small or very big

number will be written according to the scientific notation format. For example:

3.089 x 106 1.548 x 10-3

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NUMERICAL, MULTIPLE AND SMALL DIVISION UNITS

Multiple Scientific notation
1012 109 106 103 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12

Prefix
tera giga mega kilo milli micro nano pico

1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 1 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 000 001 0.000 000 000 001

Symbol T G M k m n p

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TABLE OF DATA
Table should be easily understand Draw a line :
below the title of table below the title of column Below the table

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Performance at the Maximum Efficiency for Arrangement A05

Test Introduction max (%) mC (kg/s) C PR 1s (degree) i (degree) M1s,rel 2 (degree) M2 W2/W1s Diffusion factor 960308a 70 0.224 0.068 1.80 -7 -23 0.6 83 0.70 0.60 0.73 960313a 63 0.118 0.036 1.70 67 -14 0.3 100 0.80 0.65 0.94 960313b 66 0.152 0.046 1.65 55 -16 0.4 93 0.70 0.77 0.61
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Number in every column should be arranged in a straight line

Table 4.6 Performance of the compressor impeller A at a maximum efficiency N mC M1s,rel M2 (rpm) (kg/s) 60000 0.20 0.56 0.56 70000 0.25 0.66 0.58 75000 0.24 0.69 0.62 60000 0.09 0.29 0.59 70000 0.10 0.33 0.67 80000 0.12 0.39 0.76 85000 0.13 0.41 0.81
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Numbering the Table

If a number of table more than one, each table should be numbered and referred using that number. Locate the table after the passage For example: .see Table 6.1 or ..Table 6.1 Avoid: .at table above or at table below
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SIGNIFICANT VALUE
If a value obtained from the experiment as 9.36, that meant the real value between 9.35 and 9.37. A significant digit is defined as any digit used in writing a number, except those zeros that are used only for location of the decimal point or those zeros that do not have any nonzero digit on their left.

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SIGNIFICANT VALUE
9.36 : three significant digit 0.005 010 8 : five significant digit 0.00150 : three significant digit 1980 : three significant digit 4.00 x 103 : three significant digit 4.0 x 103 : two significant digit Round value 4.252 761 2 : round off to the two significant value is 4.3.

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SIGNIFICANT VALUE
(2.43)(17.675) = 42.95025 43.0 (2.479 h)(60 min/h) = 148.74 min 148.7 min. 589.62 / 1.246 = 473.210 27 473.2

1725.463 + 189.2 + 016.73 1931.393 1931.4

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ORDER OF MAGNITUDE
We have to know the range of value that we want to measure. These will avoid from making a mistake.

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS - median

Median : is a mid value of a data group

For example: (61, 62, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84) The median value is 77

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS - mod

Mod is a value that occurs the most in a group of

data. For example: (11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17): no mod value
(4, 6, 6, 8, 10, 9): mod value is 6 (8, 4, 12, 12, 13, 12, 16, 14, 14, 14): have a

multiple mod : 12 and 14.

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS - mean

Mean is probably one of the most widely used values in statistical studies since it may be thought of as representing the typical value of a population.
X = (x1+x2+x3++xn)/n

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS - deviation

The difference of value between individual data and mean di = xi - x

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS - deviation

xi (s) 2.2 2.0 2.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.0 di = xi x (s) 0.0 -0.2 0.4 -0.3 -0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.2 di2 = (xi x)2 (s2) 0.00 0.04 0.16 0.09 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04

Measured value, deviation from mean and (deviation from mean)2

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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS - deviation

The mean square of the difference between the random variable and its mean is the variance or second central moment of the distribution.
The equation of variance is
2=(1/n) (xi x)2
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS - standard deviation

The standard deviation is numerically equal to the square root of the variance: = 2
The equation show that the standard deviation will increase if the variance increases
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GRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Practically everything measurable may be presented

graphically. Plotted on coordinate paper as points that represent values of variables. Line graph can show the relation between variables by using straight line, curve line or both. The most commonly used graph is the 2-D graph drawn on cartesan coordinate (x,y). Usually to investigate the relationship between two parameters on two different axis horizontal axis (abscissa) and vertical axis (ordinate)
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GRAPHIC ANALYSIS
To make a graph effective, certain considerations must be observed. 1. Choosing the coordinate scales The scale of the independent variables is usually plotted along the x-axis(horizontal). 2. Labeling the coordinate scales 3. Plotting the data 4. Fitting the curve to the plotted points 5. Labeling the curves 6. Preparing the title properly
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GRAPHIC ANALYSIS
when plotting on x-y graph,

If y is a function of x, then y is plotted on vertical axis, and x is plotted on horizontal axis If parameter Q is influenced by changes in parameter P, then Q is plotted on vertical axis, and P is plotted on horizontal axis

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GRAPHIC ANALYSIS
The most common x-y graph is the one where the x axis and

y axis are divided equally As shown in the following figure

x y

1 1

2 8

4 64

6 216

8 512

10

12

14

16

18

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1000 1728 2744 4096 5832 8000

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GRAPHIC ANALYSIS - Graph x - y

Graph x-y (linear-linear scales)
Y-axis (linear scale)

10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 x-axis (linear scale) x-axis (linear scale)

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GRAPH semi log

Sometimes, graph is plotted as log y versus x This is called semi log graph Exponential function will NOT plot as a straight line on

rectangular x-y coordinate paper But, if plotted on semilog paper, will look linear Semi log graph is used whenever; Range of y value is too big, several magnitude (multiple power of 10) Exponential equation, y = aebx , looks like a straight line when plotted on semi log graph
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GRAPH semi log

Insert Figure 4.2 pg 92

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GRAPH semi log

Semi log graph is used whenever;

Range of y value is too big, several magnitude (multiple power of 10) Exponential equation, y = aebx

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GRAPH semi log

The basic equation is y = aebx It can be written in log form log y = log a + bx log e = log a + 0.434294bx It can also be written in ln form ln y = ln a + bx ln e = ln a + bx (because ln e = 1)

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GRAPH semi log

We can define a general equation for a straight line on a

graph as ; ordinate = (slope x abscissa) + constant We can define the exponential equation mentioned before as log y = ordinate 0.434294 b = slope x = abscissa log a = constant

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GRAPH semi log

Or, we can also define the exponential equation mentioned

before as ln y = ordinate b = slope x = abscissa ln a = constant

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GRAPH log-log
Log-log graph has log coordinates along both axes. It is a plot of log y versus log x . plotted as a straight line on a log-log paper Log-log graph does not have log 0 because log 0 is not

defined

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GRAPH log-log

Insert fig 4.3 pg 94

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GRAPH log-log
This type of graph is suitable for data that can be

represented by power equation y = axb

It can be written in log form

log y = log a + b log x

It can also be written in ln form

ln y = ln a + b lnx

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GRAPH log-log
We can define log y b log x log a power equation mentioned before as = ordinate = slope = abscissa = constant

We can define power equation mentioned before as ln y = ordinate b = slope ln x = abscissa ln a = constant

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FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

THE END

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

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