BULBS AND THEIR MANUFACTURING

PRESENTATION BYATUL SANGHI ANURAG GANDHI DHEERAJ DABAS

EVOLUTION OF BULBS

Man-made electrical lighting itself began in circa 1810 when a chemist in England called Humphrey Davy invented the arc light. In 1820 Warren De La Rue placed a coil made of platinum into an empty tube and allowed an electric current to pass through to form the first known proto-light bulb. The year of 1840 saw the English physicist and chemist Joseph Wilson Swan patent an incandescent lamp with a filament made from carbonized paper in a partial vacuum. This was the worlds first electric light bulb. Edison leaded in betterment of bulb until by 1880 and came up with 16 watt bulb that lasted between 1200 1500 hours.

Who was thomas alva edison?

Thomas Edison was born in Milan, Ohio. He was the seventh and last child of his parents. Thomas Edison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices. He was an American inventor and businessman. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. He created the worlds first industrial research laboratory.

TYPES OF BULBS
o LED (Light Emitting Diodes) o Light Emitting Diodes (LED) are bulbs without a filament, that are
low in power consumption and have a long life span.

o Low-Pressure Sodium Lamps o Low-pressure sodium lamps have the highest efficacy of all
commercially available lighting sources. They emit a yellow light. Low-pressure sodium lamps operate much like a fluorescent lamp.

o High-Intensity Discharge Lamps o HID lamps produce light by striking an electrical arc across tungsten
electrodes housed inside a specially designed inner glass tube. This tube is filled with both gas and metals.

o Compact Fluorescent Lamps o Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs) are a modern type of
light bulbs, that work like fluorescent bulbs, but in a much smaller package. They produce little heat and are very efficient. They normally last up to 10,000 hours.

o Fluorescent o These bulbs work by passing a current through a tube filled

with argon gas and mercury. This produces ultraviolet radiation that bombards the phosphorous coating causing it to emit light.

o Halogen o Halogen bulbs are a variation of incandescent bulb

technology. These bulbs work by passing electricity through a tungsten filament, which is enclosed in a tube containing halogen gas. This halogen gas causes a chemical reaction to take place which removes the tungsten from the wall of the glass and deposits it back onto the filament.

o Incandescent o Incandescent bulbs work by using electricity to heat a

tungsten filament in the bulb until it glows. The filament is either in a vacuum or in a mixture of argon/nitrogen gas. These are the standard bulbs.

Marketing research process

Problem discovery

Data processing

Data analysis

Determine marketing research design

Data collection

Interpretation of findings

Select research methods

Select sample design

Marketing research report

MANUFACTURING PROCESS
o Filament o The filament is manufactured through a process known as

drawing, in which tungsten is mixed with a binder material and pulled through a die, into a fine wire. the wire is wound around a metal bar in order to mold it into its proper coiled shape, and then it is heated. This process softens the wire and makes its structure more uniform. The mandrel is then dissolved in acid. in wires have hooks at their ends which are either pressed over the end of the filament or, in larger bulbs.

o The coiled filament is attached to the lead-in wires. The lead-

o Glass bulb o The glass bulbs or casings are produced using a ribbon

machine. After heating in a furnace, a continuous ribbon of glass moves along a conveyor belt. Precisely aligned air nozzles blow the glass through holes in the conveyor belt into molds, creating the casings. After the casings are blown, they are cooled and then cut off of the ribbon machine. Next, the inside of the bulb is coated with silica to remove the glare caused by a glowing, uncovered filament.

o Base o The base of the bulb is also constructed using molds. It is made
with indentations in the shape of a screw so that it can easily fit into the socket of a light fixture.

o Assembly o Once the filament, base, and bulb are made, they are fitted

together by machines. First, the filament is mounted to the stem assembly, with its ends clamped to the two lead-in wires. Next, the air inside the bulb is evacuated, and the casing is filled with an argon and nitrogen mixture.

o Finally, the base and the bulb are sealed. The base slides

onto the end of the glass bulb such that no other material is needed to keep them together. Their conforming shapes allow the two pieces to be held together snugly, with the lead-in wires touching the aluminum base to ensure proper electrical contact. After testing, bulbs are placed in their packages and shipped to consumers.

Business marketing channel

Producer
Producer

Business distributor

Business customer

Business customer

Producer

Manufacturers representatives or sales branch

Business distributors

Business customer

Channel 3

LATEST EVOLUTION
o Incandescent o o o o o o o o o o
Reflector Globe Candle Flicker Tubular Ceiling Fan Spiral A-line Dimmable 3-way

o Compact Fluorescent Lamps:

o Fluorescent Bulbs o o o o o
Grow lights Linear Circular U-shaped Aquarium