Coastal Nav (Session 1)

The Earth and the Navigation Chart

Coastal Nav Session 1 (3 Hours)

Learning Outcome IMO 1.1.2

2.1, 2.2 , 2.3, 2.4 On completion the learner should be able to interpret the information on a navigational chart and apply it to the techniques of coastal navigation.

Session 1
Locate and identify appropriate navigational charts required for local operations and for a coastal passage. Explain the advantages of using charts drawn on the Mercator projection for plotting the ships track.

Explain the principles of position and direction on the earths surface and define the terms used to apply the principles to navigation.

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 OVERVIEW

Definitions
The Earth 1 Hour

Charts Course and Distance

1 Hour 1 Hour

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 DEFINITIONS

Navigation getting A to B

Coastal Nav still insight of land

Offshore Nav uses time and celestial bodies

Navigating Position fixing and adjusting

Piloting Combination of nav and conning

Conning Visual cues and instructions only

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 THE EARTH

Earth assumed to be a sphere for navigation Rotates West to East about Polar axis Bulges at equator ellipsoid. Flattening (or compression) of ellipsoid F = Equatorial axis Polar axis / Equatorial axis For WGS 84, F = 1/298.2572

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 THE EARTH

Earths

surface not regular Geoid surface assumed to conform to mean sea level. Ellipsoid will only conform to Geoid over limited area.

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 THE EARTH

Datums

Each country will use datum that best fits Ellipsoid to Geoid Australia AGD66 many charts AGD84 new datum GDA94 Geocentric Datum of Australia replaces AGD and is compatible with GPS GPS uses WGS84 World Geodetic System 1984.

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 THE EARTH

Great Circle plane passes through centre of Earth, e.g. Equator Small Circle plane does not pass through Earths centre

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 THE EARTH

Geographical Positions
Quoted as Latitude and Longitude Used to find a position on the Earths surface or describe one Degrees, Minutes, Seconds Seconds replaced with Decimal of a Minute

33 152 S 151 587 E

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 THE EARTH

Prime Meridian Meridian of Greenwich. Meridians run from pole to pole

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 THE EARTH

Latitude

Parallels of Latitude

Equator is a Great Circles, all other Latitudes Small Circles

Angular measurement North or South of Equator to Poles 90 Dlat = Difference of Latitude between any 2 points measured along a meridian

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 THE EARTH

Longitude
Meridian of Longitude Run between the Poles Are Great Circles Angular measurement East or West from Prime Meridian 180

Dlong = Difference of longitude smaller angular distance between two points measured along a parallel.

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Mercator Projection Gnomonic Projection

Chart Scale
Chart Index

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Mercator Projection

Cylindrical Projection Rhumb lines (loxodromes) straight lines. Cuts all meridians at the same angle, i.e. a constant compass direction.

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Gnomonic Projection

Projection to a tangent plane Least distortion at tangent point. Great Circles shown as straight lines

Diagram from Wikipedia

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Mercator Chart

Longitude

scale is constant Latitude scale (distance) varies as secant of latitude Lat scale = long scale x sec lat

Mercator Chart

What

is the length of 1 minute of latitude in each of the following latitudes, on a chart where 1 minute of longitude is 5mm. a) 5 degrees b) 32 degrees c) 60 degrees d) 90 degrees

 a)

5.02mm b) 5.90mm c) 10.0mm d) infinite.

Chart Scale

Natural

Scale measure of how much area a chart covers Small scale e.g. 1:10 000 000. Ocean chart. Enough detail for passage planning only Large scale e.g. 1:250 000. Coastal chart. Sufficient detail for a coastal passage main lights and all navigation hazards Very Large scale e.g. 1:7500. Harbour plans. Large amount of detail including all buoys and beacons.

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

TITLE BLOCK

Country / State / Area

Chart Name

Information up to
Scale

Depths and Heights

Projection

Authorities

Number is outside Boarder

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

MAINTENANCE

Chart corrections

Notices (permanent corrections) Temporary and Preliminary Notices Latest Edition NAVAREA X Warnings AUSCOAST Warnings

Corrections from Chart Agents, Hydrographic Office, Web Site (www.hydro.gov.au) Magenta ink for corrections Noted outside chart boarder

Chart correction log

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

ECDIS Electronic Chart Display and Information System Meets IMO performance standards ECS Electronic Chart System, does not meet IMO standards Vector Chart chart built from electronic database Raster Chart electronic image of paper chart

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

ECDIS can be used to meet SOLAS chart carriage requirements if: Type approved Official electronic charts Appropriate back up system Operators properly trained If full vector charts not available, back up must include paper charts

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 CHARTS

ECDIS Training Use of vector charts differing symbols and presentation to traditional charts Controls Layering Limitations of raster charts Electronic updating and correction Integration with other systems, particularly GNSS

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE

Course / Direction
Measured in degrees from North 360 degrees clockwise Using the Compass Rose Note the Cardinal Points Points 11 Degrees (rarely used)

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE

Gyro

Compass points to (or close to) True North

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE

Distance

1 Sea Mile = 1 of Arc of Latitude measured at location, 1842.9m at equator and 1861.7 metres at poles. Varies due to Earths Shape Polar Circumference = 21 602.52 nm Equatorial Circumference = 21 638.78 nm International Nautical Mile = 1852 metres (mean sea mile - 1 at Lat 48) A Cable is a length measurement of 1/10th of a Mile Knot unit of speed. 1 nautical mile per hour.

Coastal Nav ~ Session 1 COURSE AND DISTANCE