Lecture 6 Multiple Access, Duplexing and Hand-off Dr.

Mohammed Usman

GSM-TDMA
Speech codec produces 260 bits for each 20 ms speech

segment Speech rate = 13 kbps ECC applied to the 260 bits 456 bits Each GSM time slot can carry 114 data bits (57 x 2) 456 bits carried over 4 time slots over different frames One time slot to one user 13 kbps speech carried over a single time slot 13 x 8 = 104 kbps is the speech data rate over a single TDMA frame Each TDMA frame is a channel of 200 kHz BW Spectral efficiency = 104 kbps/200 kHz = 0.52 bits/sec/Hz Note: Gross GSM air interface data rate = 270.833 kbps

Multiple Access - CDMA

Users identified by a unique pseudo random code

called spreading sequence or PN code Multiple users use the same frequency channels Important properties required for PN codes
High auto-correlation Low cross-correlation

No. of users that can be served = as many unique PN

codes with above properties In practice, interference limits the no. of users (CDMA is interference limited) More on this later

Multiple Access - OFDMA

OFDMA similar to FDMA but frequency channels

are orthogonal to each other OFDMA uses narrowband channels Advantage of orthogonality
Channels can overlap each other i.e. no need for guard

bands

Users are allocated multiple narrowband channels in

parallel Low rate data transmitted in parallel

What are the advantages of doing this?

FDD vs TDD
FDD paired spectrum wasteful of BW TDD unpaired spectrum higher spectral efficiency TDD more flexible for asymmetric data traffic FDD different frequency bands for transmission and

reception separate h/w for Tx and Rx part TDD can dynamically adapt to changing traffic patterns In FDD, a user will require 2 interference-free channels whereas in TDD only 1 interference-free channel is required

Hand-off
Hand-off: transfer of a mobile station from one BTS to

another BTS Proper hand-off management is required

To reduce call dropping probability
To prevent ping-pong effect (users moving around the

cell boundary)

Need for hand-off Rx signal strength falling below receiver sensitivity level CIR falling below the threshold of 18 dB No free channels and user located in overlapped coverage region of two BTSs

Hand-off
Types of hand-offs Horizontal hand-off within the same system (same air interface) Vertical hand-off from one system to another (different air interfaces) Horizontal hand off is of two types (based on where the

hand-off takes place)

Intercell hand-off from one BTS to another

Intra-cell handoff from one sector to another sector of the

same BTS

Types of hand-offs (based on how the hand-off procedure

is implemented)
Hard hand-off: Break before make
Soft hand-off: Make before break Softer hand-off: Signals received via multiple channels during

soft hand-off are combined to produce a clearer signal (applies only for intra-cell hand off)

Hand-off initiation
Continuous monitoring of several parameters RSSI, SNR, BER etc. On what basis (when) is hand-off initiated?
BTS - 1

Point-A: Hand-off based on Relative RSSI (ping-pong effect can happen) Point-B: Hand-off based on Relative RSSI with threshold Point-C: Hand-off based on Relative RSSI with hsyteresis h

BTS - 2

h RSSI BTS-2 A
B C

RSSI BTS-1

Source and Channel Coding

Source coding Remove redundancy from source to represent the source more compactly Two types Lossless compression Lossy compression Lossy Lossless compression Channel coding Adds redundancy to the data Error detection and correction Error correction codes High error correction capability High rate low redundancy Low computational complexity

Illustration: issues with multimedia

3G BTS typical capacity = 2.5 Mbps In one hour, BTS can handle 2.5 Mbps x 3600 = 9 Gigabits Typical voice data rate = 12.2. kbps Assuming average call duration = 2 minutes (120 sec) Each voice call will consume 1.4 Megabits

No. of voice calls supported = 9 gigabits/1.4megabits = 6250

Low resolution video data rate = 128 kbps If 5% of 6250 users access video of 2 min duration, they will

consume (0.05 * 6250) * (128 kbps * 120s) = 4.8 Gigabits over the hour 4.2 Gigabits remaining for voice calls which is less than half the voice capacity without video.

Illustration: issues with multimedia

If 5% subscribers access video of six minutes duration,

the consumption will be (0.05 * 6250) * (128 kbps * 360 s) = 14.4 Gigabits which is way over the 9 Gigabits capacity of the network
Multimedia distribution poses stringent challenges

Frame efficiency
Calculate the frame efficiency of GSM TDMA frame
0 1 2 3 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 122 123 124

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TB 3

Data 57

F1

Training 26

F1

Data 57

TB 3 Guard 8.25

Calculate the spectral efficiency of GSM air interface

Interpret and explain

Fundamental but very important

For a fixed SNR, if the data transmission rate is increased,

the transmission BW also has to increase Most of the noise is external to the communication system System can control either the transmit power or transmission BW In a power limited system, transmission BW is traded-off for efficient power utilization In a BW limited system, transmit power is traded off with for efficient BW utilization The trade-off is made to achieve a certain acceptable error probability