Cell structure

Plant cells

Animal cells

Components and its function

Organelles Mitochondria Nucleus Vacuoles Golgi apparatus Ribosomes Chloroplast Endoplasmic reticulum

Non organelles

Cell walls Plasma membranes cytoplasm

Cellular component of animal and plant cells

Plasma membrane Cell wall Cytoplasm Nucleus Vacuole Mitochondria Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Centrioles Chloroplasts

Plasma membrane

The membrane that encloses the content of cell. This membrane serves to separate and protect a cell from its surrounding environment The membrane is said to be semi-permeable and act as a selective barrier.

Cell wall

A rigid outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cell only. Gives shape to a plant cell and provides mechanical support.

Cytoplasm

Region between nucleus and the plasma membrane. Consists of a jelly like matrix in which the organelles of the cell suspended. Acts as a medium for biochemical reaction

Nucleus

The nucleus is spherical in shape and separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope. It controls all the activities which take place in the cell. It houses the cell's chromosomes (genetic material).

Vacuole

Fluid-filled sac that regulate water balance in these organism. Act as storage place in cell. Tonoplast is a membrane that surround the vacuole.

Mitochondria

Small spherical or cylindrical shaped organelles with double membrane. play a critical role in generating energy in the cell and stored in form of ATP.

Ribosomes

Spherical organelles found attached to the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Place for synthesis of protein by using information from chromosomes.

Endoplasmic reticulum
Consists of a network of folded membrane forming interconnected tubules.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
Has ribosomes attached

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)

Surface without

to its surface. Transport protein made by the ribosomes which enclosed in vesicles

ribosomes site for synthesis of lipid and detoxification of drugs and poison

Golgi apparatus

Consists of a stack of flattened membranous sacs. Function as a processing, packaging and transporting centre of carbohydrates, protein, phospholipids and glyprotein.

Vesicles that received from rough ER are processed and modified. Then, package into new form of vesicles and travels to other parts of the cell or to plasma membrane.

Lysosomes
Membrane-bound sacs contain hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes digest or breakdown complex organic molecules. Eliminate worn out mitochondria or other damage organelles. Release nutrient by digest the content in vacuole

Centrioles

A pair of cylindrical structures located just outside the nucleus. They form spindle fiber during cell division in animal cells only.

Chloroplast

Lens shaped containing green pigment- chlorophyll chlorophyll traps sunlight and undergo photosynthesis to convert sunlight to chemical energy.

Animal cell

Plant cell

Comparing Plant And Animal Cells VENN Diagram

Directions: Fill

in the VENN Diagram to compare PLANT CELLS to ANIMAL CELLS. Use the words in the word box

Centrioles
Plasma membrane mitochondria Cell wall nucleus chloroplast ribosomes cytoplasm vacuole

Cell Organisation
Learning objective
1.

2. 3.

State the necessity for cell specification in multicellular organism as compared to unicellular organism. Describe cell specification in multicellular organism Describe cell organisation in the formation of tissues, organs and systems in multicellular organism.

Unicellular
Unicellular single cell organism. Ex: Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp. Able to carry out all the functions of life independently.

Living process in unicellular organism

Reproduction
Once an Amoeba has grown to certain size, its nucleus divided to form two daughter nuclei. Cytoplasm then divides and two daughter Amoeba are formed. But during drought, Amoeba will reproductive by spore

Feeding

Phagocytosis: move around the particle and takes it into its cytoplasm where it form a food vacuole.

Movement
By using extension of cytoplasm pseudopodium. The rest of the cytoplasm slowly flows into this extension.

Multicellular organism
Multicellular large organism with more than one cell Need different types of cells to carry out all the different function of life. Cell specification- Each cell change in shape and form to become specific cell in order to form different function. Cell organisation allowed every part of a multicellular organism to perform various functions efficiently.

Cell undergo differentiation to acquire special structures and become specialized cells with specific function.

Tissue a group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

Main tissue in animal epithelial tissue, nervous tissue, muscle tissue and connective tissue. Main tissue in plant epidermis tissue, meristem tissue, vascular tissue and ground tissue.

Main tissue in animal

Types of animal tissue Epithelial tissue Characteristic and function Cover the body surface or line the cavities within the body. Function as barrier against infection, mechanical injuries and dehydration. Some undergo changes to form gland and secrete substances need by body.

Muscle tissue

Consists of muscle cells which can contract to perform work Cause body movement by means of contraction 3 types : smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.

Types of animal tissue Nervous tissue

Characteristic and function Consists of neuron Specialized to detect stimuli and transmit impulse to muscles or glands. Consists of Loose - it bind the epithelia to underlying tissue and hold organs in place. Dense consists of Tendon- connect muscle to bone Ligament- join bone together at joint. Cartilage support to nose, ears and covers the ends of bones at joint Bone provide protection to organs and support the body Blood transporting and protective functions. Adipose- energy reserve and provides insulation and protection.

Connective tissue

Main tissue in plant

Types of plant tissue Meristem tissue Characteristic and function Consists of undifferentiated cell which are able to divide by mitosis. Occurs at the tip of roots and shoots.

Epidermis tissue

Cover the layer of stem, leaves and root of young plants. Consists of one layer cell. Epidermis cell of leaf differentiate to become guard cell while those at the root become root hair cell.

Types of plant tissue Vascular tissue

Characteristic and function Consists of xylem and phloem Xylem transport water and mineral salt from roots to the stems and leaves Phloem transport dissolved nutrient from leaves to the roots and stem.

Ground tissue

Consist of Parenchyma loosely packed and contain chloroplast Collenchyma- unevenly thickened cell walls especially at the corner. Support non woody , young stem and petiole. Sclerenchyma- uniformly thickened by lignin and may be dead. Give mechanical strength.

Organ a group of different tissue work together to perform a specific function.

Animal Plant

System several organ work together to carry out a specific function.

Each

system consists of a few organ made up of various tissue. The functions of all system must be coordinated for the organism to survive.

System in animal

System in plant

Cell organisation in animal

Animal
SYSTEM Digestive system Nervous system Brain Circulatory system Heart Skeletal system Bone

ORGAN

Stomach

TISSUE

Epithelial

Nervous

Cardiac

Connective

CELL

Epithelial

neuron

muscle

Red blood

Cell organisation in plant

Tissue in plant : the "groups of cells performing a similar function" Meristem tissue Epidermal tissue Guard tissue Permanent tissue Ground tissue Parenchyma tissue Collenchym a tissue Sclerenchy ma tissue Vascular tissue

Xylem
Phloem

MENGAWAL PERSEKITARAN DALAMAN

Regulating the internal environment

Internal environment
Consist of interstitial fluid and blood plasma

Interstitial fluid
Fills the spaces between the cells and constantly bathes the cells Interstitial fluid exchange nutrients and waste substance with the blood plasma in the blood capillaries.

Necessity of maintaining an optimal internal environment

Physical factors
Temperature, blood pressure and osmotic pressure.

Chemical factors
Salt content, sugar content and pH value.

Physical and chemical factors need to be controlled and regulated so that cells can function effectively.

Homeostasis
for the cells to function optimally. Eg: metabolism of the body is affected by the chemical changes such as glucose level and physical factors like temperature. These changes are regulated by the homeostatic mechanisms.

Homeostatic mechanism
Purpose: metabolic processes can proceed at optimum rates. Any changes : will trigger the homeostatic mechanism to bring it back to normal. The mechanism that governs homeostasis is called the negative feedback mechanism.

Various systems cooperate in maintaining an optimal internal environment

Body temperature is regulated by the integumentary system, nervous system, circulatory system, muscular system and endocrine system. Concentration of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide are regulated by respiratory, circulatory and nervous systems. pH level is regulated by the respiratory system, circulatory system and excretory system.

REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE

REGULATION OF blood sugar level

Appreciating the uniqueness of the cell

Every organelles in a cell has its qwn specific function. Each cell is unique and depends on its organelles to carry out its function Ex: if chloroplast are not present in plant cell, then cell cannot carry out photosynthesis, the plant will die.