DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID FEVER updated

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

Typhoid fever common problem in developing Countries

Manifest with

Rose spots
Aches and pains High fever

Diarrhea

Chest congestion

Typhoid Meningitis

Clinical manifestation
Head ache, malise,anorexia ,coated tongue Abdominal discomfort, Constipation / Diarrhea Step ladder type fever, Relative bradycardia, A soft palpable spleen Hepatomegaly Rose spots appear
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 4

Over view of Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever

Infection with typhoid or paratyphoid fever results in a very low-grade septicaemia. A single blood culture is positive in only half of cases. Stool culture is not usually positive during the early phase of the disease. Bone marrow culture increases the diagnostic yield to about 80% of cases.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 5

Bacteriological Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever

Selective media, such as Deoxycholatecitrate agar or xylose-lysine Deoxycholate agar, are used for the isolation of salmonella bacteria from faeces. Fluid enrichment media, such as Tetrathionate or selenite broth, are also useful to detect small numbers of salmonellae in faeces, foods or environmental samples.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 6

Bacteriological Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever

Suspicious colonies from the culture plates are tested directly for the presence of Salmonella somatic (O) antigens by slide agglutination and subcultured to peptone water for the determination of flagellar (H) antigen structure and further biochemical analysis.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 7

Bacteriological Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever

A presumptive diagnosis of salmonellosis can often be made within 24 h of the receipt of a specimen, although confirmation may take another day, and formal identification of the serotype takes several more days. A negative report must await the result of enrichment cultures - at least 48 h.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 8

How we Diagnose Typhoid Fever

Diagnosis is made by any blood, bone marrow or stool cultures and with the Widal test (demonstration of salmonella antibodies against antigens O-somatic and H-flagellar ). In epidemics and less wealthy countries, after excluding malaria, dysentery or pneumonia, a therapeutic trial time with chloramphenicol is generally undertaken while awaiting the results of Widal test and cultures of the blood and stool.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 9

Laboratory Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever

1 Isolation of Bacilli. A Gold standard 2 Diagnosis for presence of Antibodies, Positive Blood culture A gold standard Isolation from Feces and Urine ? Detection of Antibodies Inconclusive. Newer methods
Detection of antigen in Blood and Urine
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 10

Blood Culture
1 st week Positive in 90 % 2 nd week Positive in 75 % 3 rd week Positive in 60 % > 3 weeks positive in 25 % Draw 5 10 cc of Blood by venipuncture. ADD to 50 -100 ml of Bile broth. Incubate at 37 c /Subculture in MacConkey At regular intervals
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 11

Blood Cultures in Typhoid Fevers

Bacteremia occurs early in the disease Blood Cultures are positive in 1st week in 90% 2nd week in 75% 3rd week in 60% 4th week and later in 25%
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 12

Castanedas method of Blood Culture

Double medium used Solid/Liquid medium in the same Bottle. Bottle contains Bile broth/agar slant, For subculture the bottle is merely tilted. A subculture into MacConkey at regular intervals, Reduces the chances of contamination Increases the chances of isolation.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 13

Salmonella on Mac Conkey's agar

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

14

Salmonella on XLD agar

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

15

Clot culture
Clot cultures are more productive in yielding better results in isolation. A blood after clotting, the clot is lysed with Streptokinase ,but expensive to perform in developing countries.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 16

Bactec and Radiometric based methods are in recent use

Bactek methods in isolation of Salmonella is a rapid and sensitive method in early diagnosis of Enteric fever. Many Microbiology Diagnostic Laboratories are upgrading to Bactek methods
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 17

Biochemical Characters
Non Lactose fermenter, Motile Indole MR + VP - Citrate + Ferment Glu/Mal/Man Do not ferment Lactose/Sucrose

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

18

Slide agglutination tests

In slide agglutination tests a known serum and unknown culture isolate is mixed, clumping occurs within few minutes Commercial sera are available for detection of A, B,C1,C2,D, and E.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 19

Culturing other Specimens

Feces Enrichment in Tetrathionate broth and Selenite broth Culturing in MacConkey/DCA/Wilson Blair medium Large black colonies. Urine Culture positive in 25 % Other samples Bone Marrow,Bile,CSF/Sputum
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 20

Why we still use Widal test

The Widal test is an old serologic assay for detecting IgM and IgG to the O and H antigens of salmonella. The test is unreliable but is widely used in most developing countries because of its low cost.

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

21

Serology
WIDAL Test Tube agglutination test. Detects O and H antibodies Diagnosis of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Testing for H agglutinins in Dryers tubes, a narrow tube floccules at the bottom Testing for O agglutinins in Felix tubes, Chalky Incubated at 37 c overnight
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 22

Widal Test
In 1896 Widal A professor of pathology and internal medicine at the University of Paris (191129), he developed a procedure for diagnosing typhoid fever based on the fact that antibodies in the blood of an infected individual cause the bacteria to bind together into clumps (the Widal reaction).
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 23

Widal test
S.typhi O and H tubes Paratyphi A/B H agglutinins only Common antigens O in all Factor sharing 12 Significance I st week negative. Titers raise in 2nd week Raise of titers diagnostic
Dr.T.V.Rao MD

24

Diagnosis of Enteric Fever Widal test

Serum agglutinins raise abruptly during the 2nd or 3rd week The Widal test detects antibodies against O and H antigens Two serum specimens obtained at intervals of 7 10 days to read the raise of antibodies. Serial dilutions on unknown sera are tested against the antigens for respective Salmonella False positives and False negative limits the utility of the test The interpretative criteria when single serum specimens are tested vary Cross reactions limits the specificity

Widal Test
Single test not diagnostic. Paired samples tests Diagnostic. O > 1 in 80 H > 1in 160 H agglutinins appear first False positives in Unapparent infection, Immunization Previously infected
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 26

Widal test
Anamnestic response previous infection and responding to unrelated infection Other Diagnostic tests CIE and ELISA Detection of Circulating antigens Co agglutination test.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 27

Limitation of Widal Test

The Widal test is time consuming and often times when diagnosis is reached it is too late to start an antibiotic regimen. In spite of several limitation many Physicians depend on Widal Test
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 28

False Positive and Negative Reactions with WIDAL Test The Widal test should be interpreted in the light of baseline titers in a healthy local population. This is especially important when there is a high local prevalence of non-typhoid salmonellosis. The Widal test may be falsely positive in patients who have had previous vaccination or infection with S typhi.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 29

False Positive and Negative Reactions with WIDAL Test

Widal titers have also been reported in association with the dysgammaglobulinaemia of chronic active hepatitis and other autoimmune diseases.64 '8 '9 False negative results may be associated with early treatment, with "hidden organisms" in bone and joints, and with relapses of typhoid fever. Occasionally the infecting strains are poorly immunogenic.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 30

Diagnosis of Carriers and Environments

Fecal carriers by isolation from specimens. or Bile aspirated. Sewer swabs Bacteriophage typing
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 31

Culturing and Identifying remain the Gold standard

Newer serologic assays for S. enterica serotype Typhi infection are occasionally used in outbreak situations and are somewhat more sensitive and specific than the Widal test, but are not an adequate substitute for blood, stool, or bone marrow culture.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 32

Is there a definitive test to diagnose Typhoid fever

Because there is no definitive serologic test for typhoid or paratyphoid fever, the initial diagnosis often has to be made clinically. The combination of a history of risk for infection and a gradual onset of fever that increases in severity over several days should raise suspicion of typhoid or paratyphoid fever.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 33

Newer methods in diagnosis of Typhoid Fever

The serum samples can be tested by using newer methods Multi-Test Dip-STicks, TyphiDot, and TUBEX to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG and IgM, and IgM, respectively.

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

34

Immunoassays in Typhoid Fever

The immunoassay is also used for the diagnosis. The immunoassay are based on the detection of the O and Vi antigens of S. typhi in blood or urine using conglutination, ELISA, or counter current immunoelectrophoresis Dr.T.V.Rao MD .

35

Experimental and Molecular Methods

Polymerase chain reaction and DNA probe method attempt to employ S.typhi genes and hybridize them with labelled specific gene probes were also used.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 36

Key points
Antibiotics have no place in the management of salmonella gastroenteritis unless invasive complications are suspected. Clean water, sanitation and hygienic handling of foodstuffs are the keys to prevention.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD 37

Coalition against Typhoid

Since May 2011, the Coalition against Typhoid (CaT) has featured monthly articles in the WHOs Global Immunization Newsletters (GIN). The articles, written by CaT members from around the world, highlight important work being done to accelerate adoption of typhoid vaccines.

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

38

 Programme Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD for Medical and Paramedical students in the Developing world Email doctortvrao@gmail.com

Dr.T.V.Rao MD

39