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Physiology of Blood

ALL in ONE / Pharmacology


Blood and Internal Environment
 Body fluid
The total amount of fluid in the body is called

body fluid. It includes water and other


elements.
 intracellular fluid(ICF)
Body fluid

 extracellular fluid(ECF):plasma,
 interstitial fluid

Internal environment
 ECF provides all cells with a
constant environment to live
in, so ECF is called the
internal environment of the
body.


Composition of the blood
• It is made up of plasma and blood cells.
Formed elements:

 RBC (erythrocytes)
 WBC(leukocytes)
 platelet
Plasma: proteins, nutrients, waste, dissolved

gases, electrolytes
Hematocrit
• The percentage of blood volume occupied
by the packed red blood cell is called
hematocrit or packed cell volume.
• Normal values:
 For men 40-50%, and for woman 37-48%.
• An index of the relative amount of RBC in
the blood.

Plasma
• Its main constituents are protein (6.2-7.9%)
and salt (0.9%)
• Plasma proteins are fractionated into three
groups: albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
by salt precipitation.
• A/G=1.5-2.0

The plasma protein has various
functions:
①Transportation
②Buffering

③Immune function

④Maintenance of osmotic pressure

⑤Clotting function
Blood Cells
Red blood cells Physical properties
circular biconcave discs without nuclei

Normal values:

in male is 4.5—5.5×1012 /L; Hb:120-160

g/L
in female is 4.0—5.0×1012 /L;Hb: 110-

150 g/L.
 Hemoglobin:
• 4 protein
chains
(globins)
–2 alpha
chains
–2 beta
chains
• 4 heme groups
–site
where
O2
molecul
Physiological function of RBC

• transportation of O2 and CO2


• buffering for acid and alkaline


Physiological properties

• Deformation ability
• Osmotic fragility
• Suspension stability
Erythropoiesis
RBC formation materials

• globulin and iron


• Vitamin B12, folic acid and
intrinsic factor
 Regulation of
erythropoiesis

Erythropoietin:
produced by the

kidneys
when O levels
2
drop.
White blood cells
3.2.2.1 Quantity and classification
 4—10×109/L


Physiological functions

• chemotaxis
• recognition and adhesion
• Phagocytosis

Functions of neutrophils

• Diapedesis, Ameboid motion


and Chemotaxis and
Phagocytosis
• after inflammation,
Neutrophils always increase

Functions of eosinophils

• phagocytize and digest the


combined antigen-antibody
complex
• Increase during parasite
infection

Functions of basophils

•contain heparin, slow


reactive substance
and histamine.

Function of Monocytes

•Strong
phagocytosis


Functions of lymphocytes

• T cells: the cellular


immunity
• B cells: the humoral
immunity

Platelet
 Configuration and quantity

• Platelets are
• produced from stem cells
via megakaryocytes
• 100~300×10 /L 9


Physiological characteristics

• Adhesion and aggregation


 Adhesion is the ability to adhere to
foreign surfaces such as collagen.
 reversible: caused by ADP

 Aggregation
 irreversible:

• Release functions
ADP, 5-HT, prostaglandin, platelet

factor 3
• Attraction function
 attract coagulation factors
• Contractile function
 contain an actomyosin like
protein

Physiological functions
• Hemostasis: The stoppage of bleeding

1

 Vascular Spasm
Platelet plug formation

2
Coagulation
• the formation of fibrin
• two pathways 3
– intrinsic mechanism
– extrinsic mechanism
1 2

3
• Accelerate blood
coagulation
• Nutritional and supportive
functions
 keep the intact of capillary
wall
Blood Coagulation and
Fibrinolysis
Blood coagulation
• Blood converted from fluidity into the state
of gel.
Coagulation factors

Substances participate in the blood

coagulation called coagulation factors.


Coagulation stages
Anti-clotting systems
• Blood does not normally clot in
undamaged blood vessels of the
body.
• This is partly due to mechanisms that
tend to stop clotting and partly to
mechanisms that break up and clots
that do form.

The former mechanisms include:
• the removal of activated factors by the liver;
• Heparin: stops the activation of one of the
factors (IX) and inhibits the action of
thrombin;
• b factors which reduce the adhesiveness of
platelets.


Fibrinolysis
• The process of liquefaction of fibrin is
known as fibrinolysis
Blood Volume and Grouping
Blood volume
It is about 7~8% of whole body weight.

Blood loss is less than 10%: recovered


rapidly;
Blood loss is reaching 20%, BP decreases and

organ’s ischemia occurs.


Blood loss reaches 30%, shock.


Blood types
• Standard: the type of antigens of the cells
• ABO systems of antigens
• Rh system

ABO system
Cross Match Reaction
The Rh group
• Rh+ have the Rh agglutinogen
Rh- do not have Rh agglutinogen
 will produce antiRh agglutinin if
exposed to Rh+ blood
• Rh- Mom exposed to Rh+
blood of newborn at birth
• no problem during first
pregnancy
• Mom produces antiRh
agglutinins
• Mom’s antiRh agglutinins
attack Rh+ RBCs of fetus
in next pregnancy

•Can be prevented by treating with


RhoGAM
Supas

 Thanks !

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