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extracellular fluid(ECF):plasma,
interstitial fluid
Internal environment
ECF provides all cells with a
constant environment to live
in, so ECF is called the
internal environment of the
body.
Composition of the blood
• It is made up of plasma and blood cells.
Formed elements:
RBC (erythrocytes)
WBC(leukocytes)
platelet
Plasma: proteins, nutrients, waste, dissolved
gases, electrolytes
Hematocrit
• The percentage of blood volume occupied
by the packed red blood cell is called
hematocrit or packed cell volume.
• Normal values:
For men 40-50%, and for woman 37-48%.
• An index of the relative amount of RBC in
the blood.
Plasma
• Its main constituents are protein (6.2-7.9%)
and salt (0.9%)
• Plasma proteins are fractionated into three
groups: albumin, globulin and fibrinogen
by salt precipitation.
• A/G=1.5-2.0
•
The plasma protein has various
functions:
①Transportation
②Buffering
③Immune function
⑤Clotting function
Blood Cells
Red blood cells Physical properties
circular biconcave discs without nuclei
Normal values:
g/L
in female is 4.0—5.0×1012 /L;Hb: 110-
150 g/L.
Hemoglobin:
• 4 protein
chains
(globins)
–2 alpha
chains
–2 beta
chains
• 4 heme groups
–site
where
O2
molecul
Physiological function of RBC
• Deformation ability
• Osmotic fragility
• Suspension stability
Erythropoiesis
RBC formation materials
Erythropoietin:
produced by the
kidneys
when O levels
2
drop.
White blood cells
3.2.2.1 Quantity and classification
4—10×109/L
Physiological functions
• chemotaxis
• recognition and adhesion
• Phagocytosis
•
Functions of neutrophils
•Strong
phagocytosis
•
•
Functions of lymphocytes
•
Physiological characteristics
Aggregation
irreversible:
• Release functions
ADP, 5-HT, prostaglandin, platelet
factor 3
• Attraction function
attract coagulation factors
• Contractile function
contain an actomyosin like
protein
Physiological functions
• Hemostasis: The stoppage of bleeding
1
Vascular Spasm
Platelet plug formation
2
Coagulation
• the formation of fibrin
• two pathways 3
– intrinsic mechanism
– extrinsic mechanism
1 2
3
• Accelerate blood
coagulation
• Nutritional and supportive
functions
keep the intact of capillary
wall
Blood Coagulation and
Fibrinolysis
Blood coagulation
• Blood converted from fluidity into the state
of gel.
Coagulation factors
Blood types
• Standard: the type of antigens of the cells
• ABO systems of antigens
• Rh system
•
ABO system
Cross Match Reaction
The Rh group
• Rh+ have the Rh agglutinogen
Rh- do not have Rh agglutinogen
will produce antiRh agglutinin if
exposed to Rh+ blood
• Rh- Mom exposed to Rh+
blood of newborn at birth
• no problem during first
pregnancy
• Mom produces antiRh
agglutinins
• Mom’s antiRh agglutinins
attack Rh+ RBCs of fetus
in next pregnancy
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