Example 5

A full-wave half-controlled bridge has a

supply voltage of 220 V at 50 Hz. The firing
angle = 90
o
. Determine (i) the average and
rms values of the load current, (ii) the load
power and (iii) the input power factor
For
(a) a pure resistive load of 100
(b) a highly inductive load with a resistance
of 100
o


Solution
For the two cases (since voltage
waveform is independent of load if it is
passive)







o
( ) V 99 ) 90 cos 1 (
2 220
cos 1
max
= + = + =
o
do
V
V
t
o
t

V 6 . 155
2
) 90 2 sin( 1
2
1 220
2
2 sin
1 =

+
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
t t
t
t
o
t
o
o
rms
V V



Case (a)
(i)

Therefore average current


Similarly


o
R
t v
t i
d
d
) (
) ( =

A 99 . 0
100
99
= = =
R
V
I
do
d

A 556 . 1
100
6 . 155
) ( = = =
R
V
RMS I
rms
d



(ii) Load power


(iii) With this load there is no freewheeling
diode action. Therefore

in the first half cycle and

in the second half cycle.
Hence .



( )
W 242 100 556 . 1
) ( ) (
2
2 2
= =
= = R RMS I R t i Av P
d d

) ( ) ( t i t i
d s
=

) ( ) ( t i t i
d s
=

A 556 . 1 ) ( = = RMS I I
d s


Alternatively, we can obtain the waveform for
the source and use it to determine its rms
value.

(iii) Apparent power delivered by the source


and the input power factor





VA 32 . 342 556 . 1 220 = = =
s s
I V S

707 . 0
32 . 342
242
S
power output
S
power input
= =
= = PF



Case (b)
(i) Load current is constant and continuous.
Therefore


(ii) Load power


A 99 . 0
100
99
) ( = = = =
R
V
RMS I I
do
d d

W 01 . 98 100 99 . 0
2
= = P



(iii) From the waveform of the source current
shown in Figure 2.11 or 2.12, the rms
value of the source current


and the input power factor is
A 70 . 0
180
90 180
99 . 0 =

=
t
o t
d s
I I

636 . 0
70 . 0 220
100 99 . 0
2
=

= PF



Three-Phase Half-Controlled
Converter

The circuit is shown on the next
slide





Three-Phase Half-Controlled
converter Contd

Typical output voltage and current
waveforms for highly inductive
load are showm on the next slide





When the delay angle is less than /3
no voltage zeros occur and the output
current for RL load is always
continuous.

The output waveform contains six
pulses per cycle of alternating
controlled and uncontrolled pulses as
shown in Figure 2.14a.


Three-Phase Half-Controlled converter
Contd
For greater or equal to /3 voltage
zeros occur and the output voltage
waveform is made up of three
controlled pulses per cycle as shown in
Figure 2.14b.

With = /3 , the circuit operates on
the verge of continuous load current.


Three-Phase Half-Controlled
converter Contd
The mean output voltage is given by




The output voltage cannot be negative,
hence inversion cannot occur.
t
o
t 2
3 3
cos
2
3 3
) ( ) (
max max
V V
v Ave v Ave V
N Z N X do
+ = =

or
( ) ( ) o
t
o
t
cos 1
2
2 3
cos 1
2
3 3
max
+ = + =
LL
do
V V
V where t o s s 0














For 3 t o < , the rms output voltage is given by

2
1
2
2
1
6 5
2
2
2
6
2
cos 3
3
2
2
3
) (
2
3
) (
2
3
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(
(

+ =
} }
+
+
o
t
t
e
t
e
t
o t
t
t
o t
LL ac ab rms
V t d v t d v V


and for 3 t o > , the rms output voltage is given by

2
1
2
1
6 7
6
2
2 sin
2
1
2
3
) (
2
3
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(
(

=
}
+
o o t
t
e
t
t
o t
LL ac rms
V t d v V


If 3 t o = , any of the two equations can be used.



Example 6
A three-phase half-controlled converter is
operated from a three-phase star-
connected 208-V, 60-Hz supply and the
load resistance R = 10 . If it is required
to obtain an average output voltage of 50
% of the maximum possible output
voltage, calculate


(a) the delay angle
(b) the rms and average output currents
(c) the average and rms thyristor currents
(d) the rectification efficiency
(e) the transformer utilization factor TUF
(f) the input power factor PF.













Solution
(a)
5 . 0
2
) cos 1 (
2 3
) cos 1 (
2
2 3
voltage output dc Maximum
voltage output DC
=
+
=
+ =
o
t
o
t
LL
LL
V
V

This gives of 90
o
and a corresponding dc voltage
V 45 . 140 ) 90 cos 1 (
2
208 2 3
= +

=
o
do
V
t

(b) The average output current A 045 . 14 10 45 . 140 = = = R V I
do d

For
o
90 = o , V 13 . 180 ) 90 2 sin(
2
1
2 2
3
208
2
1
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o
rms
V
t
t
t

and the rms load current A 01 . 18 10 13 . 180 = =
rms
I
(c) The average thyristor current A 68 . 4 3 ) ( = =
d T
I AV I since there is no
freewheeling diode action.

The rms thyristor current A 4 . 10 3 01 . 18 3 ) ( = = =
rms T
I RMS I













(d) The rectification efficiency is
% 8 . 60
1 . 18 13 . 180
05 . 14 45 . 140
=

= =
rms rms
d do
I V
I V
q
(e) The current
4 1 D T a
i i i = .
Since T
1
and D
4
do not conduct simultaneously
2
) (
2
) (
2
RMS D RMS T S
I I I + =
or 3 2 2
2 2
) (
2
rms RMS T S
I I I = = or A 71 . 14 01 . 18 ) 3 2 ( ) 3 2 ( = = =
rms S
I I

The input volt-amperes VA 5300 71 . 14 208 3 3 = = =
s LL
I V S and
372 . 0
5300
05 . 14 45 . 140
=

= =
S
I V
TUF
d do

(f) The output power W 6 . 3243 10 01 . 18
2 2
= = = R I P
rms

The input power factor ) lag ( 612 . 0
5300
6 . 3243
= = =
S
P
PF
o




Advantages of Semi-Controlled Converters
The main advantage of the semi-controlled
converter over the fully controlled converter
is the reduction in the rms value of the
transformer secondary current (or source
current) due to the freewheeling diode
action.

This occurs when > 0 for the single-phase
converter and > 60
o
for the three-phase
converter.


Advantages of Semi-Controlled Converters
Contd

The reduction in the transformer secondary
current in turn reduces the primary and line
current.

The single-phase semi-controlled converter
has a better fundamental input power factor
and less harmonic content at all firing
angles.


Advantages of Semi-Controlled Converters
Contd

For the three-phase converter, power factor
is better and the harmonic content is less
only when > 60
o
.

Reduction in current in primary, secondary
of transformer and line results in less copper
losses.













Exercises Two

1. A single-phase fully controlled bridge converter supplies RL with emf load. The load is such
that L = 6.5 mH, R = 0.5 and E = 10 V. The input voltage is V
S
= 120 Vrms, 60 Hz. The
load current ( ) t i
d
is continuous. The converter operates with a delay angle 3 t o = .
(a) Draw the circuit diagram of the converter. [4 marks]
(b) Determine
(i) an expression for ( ) t i
d
for the period t o e o + s s t . [11
marks]
(ii) the value of ( ) t i
d
at the instant
o
t such that 3 t e =
o
t [3 marks]
(iii) the mean output voltage [3 marks]
(iv) the mean load current [2 marks]
(v) the mean transistor current [2 marks]
2. (a) What is meant by double pulsing? Why is it necessary? [4 marks]
(b) A 3-phase semi-controlled converter uses three SCRs and four diodes. The converter is fed
from a star-connected source with the phase 1 voltage defined as t V v
m
e sin
1
= .
(i) Draw the circuit diagram of the converter. Label the positive terminal of the load as
M, the negative terminal as N and the star point of the source as o. [3 marks]
(ii) Using the curves provided, sketch the waveforms of the following three voltages for
3 2t o = :
MO
v ,
NO
v and output voltage
NO MO
v v v = . Assume that the load current
is continuous. [9 marks]
(iii) Show on the output voltage waveform, the devices which are active during the various
periods of the load cycle. [3 marks]
(iv) Find the area under one pulse of the output voltage and use it to determine the mean
output voltage. [6 marks]













Exercises Two Contd

3. (a) A 3-phase fully controlled bridge converter is fed from a 3-phase star-connected source with
phase 1 voltage given by t V v
m
e sin
1
= . The SCRs are fired in the sequence T
1
, T
2
, T
3
, T
4
,
T
5
and T
6
. If T
1
is fired at ) 6 (t o + and T
2
at ) 2 (t o + show that the output voltage
from ) 6 (t o + to ) 2 (t o + is given by ) sin( 3 ) (
6
t
e + = t V t v
m
. Hence, prove that the mean
output voltage is given by t o) cos 3 3 (
m o
V V = . Assume that the load current is
continuous. [6
marks]
(b) A three-phase fully controlled converter fed from 415-V, 50-Hz supply delivers power to a
pure resistance load R = 10 . The converter operates with a delay angle
o
60 = o . The
corresponding rms output voltage is 318 V. Determine
(i) the rms and average output currents [4 marks]
(ii) the rms and average thyristor currents [4 marks]
(iii) the rms value of the source current [3 marks]
(iv) the active power delivered by the source [3 marks]
4. A 1-phase fully controlled bridge converter is operated from a 240-V, 50-Hz supply with a load
consisting of a resistor R = 10 ohms and inductor L = 5 mH in series. For a delay angle
( ) ) ( tan
1
rad R L | = o = =

, calculate
(a) the rms and average values of the output currents, [10
marks]
(b) the average and rms values of the thyristor currents, [6 marks]
(c) the rectification efficiency and [6 marks]
(d) the rms value of the source or input current. [3 marks]













Exercises Two Contd

5. A 3-phase semi-controlled bridge rectifier is fed from a three-phase star-connected supply of
line voltage V. [4 marks]
(a) Obtain an expression for its average output voltage V
dc
, given that V
dc
= (3\2V/t)coso if
the bridge is fully controlled. [3
marks]
(b) The supply to the converter is 208-V, 60-Hz and the load is pure resistance R = 10 . If it
is required to obtain an average output voltage of 50 % of the maximum possible output
voltage, calculate
(i) the delay angle o , [2 marks]
(ii) the rms and average output currents, [4 marks]
(iii) the average and rms thyristor currents, [5 marks]
(iv) the rectification efficiency, [2 marks]
(v) the transformer utilization factor TUF, [5 marks]
(vi) the input power factor PF. [4 marks]
Take the rms value of the output voltage V
rms
to be 180 V.