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WELL COMPLETION
Dr. Imre Federer
Associate Professor
coiled tubing
snubbing unit. Well pressure control is the most critical consideration in the planning and performing of any well servicing operation.
Diesel oil
Fresh water 1.0 (8.3)
0,84 (7.0)
1.0 (8.3)
Sea water
Brine-sodium chloride (NaCl) Brine-potassium chloride (KCl) Brine-calcium chloride (CaCl2) Brine-calcium bromide (CaBr2) Brine-zinc bromide (ZnBr2)
1.01 (8.4)
1.0 (8.3) 1.0 (8.3) 1.32 (11.0) 1.38 (11.5) 1.68 (14.0)
1.02 (8.5)
1.18 (9.8) 1.17 (9.7) 1.38 (11.5) 1.80 (15.0) 2.18 (18.1)
Weight Crystallization Point oC oF kg/l ppg Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 1,02 8.5 -2 29 1,08 9.0 -7 19 1,14 9.5 -16 6 1,2 10.0 -4 25 Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) 1,02 8.5 -1 30 1,08 9.0 -0,5 31 1,14 9.5 -13 9 1,2 10.0 -22 -8 1,26 10.5 -37 -36 1,32 11.0 -30 -22 1,38 11.5 +2 35 Calcium Chloride/Bromide (CaCl2/Br2) 1,44 12.0 12 54 1,56 13.0 15 59 1,68 14.0 17,7 64 1,74 14.5 18,3 65 1,8 15.0 19,4 67
DL = ATI * Cf
ATI = Cf = DL = Average temperature increase, oF Correction factor for temperature from Table Density loss, ppg
Brine NaCl or KCl CaCl2 NaBr or NaBr/NaCl CaBr2 or CaBr2 /CaCl2 ZnBr2 / CaBr2 / CaCl2< 2.1 kg/l (17.5 lb/gal) ZnBr2 / CaBr2 / CaCl2< 2.1 kg/l (17.5 lb/gal) Factors 0.0024 0.0027 0.0033 0.0033 0.0036 0.0048
Advantages: Made up of interchangeable standard parts cheapest option. Disadvantages: more potential leak paths due to the large number of connections.
Conventional Tree
Tree Cap
Tree Connector
Tubing Hanger
Wellhead
Completion can be pulled through the Horizontal tree without removing it. These trees are finding favor with Tee Cap operators of ESP completion, No valves in vertical bore of tree, Crown Plugs Two valves are on the production or flow Tubing Hanger wing Two retrievable plugs set in the top of Treehead the tree below the cap.
Tree
Tee Connector
Wellhead
Conventional Wellhead
API test pressures for all wellhead testing by manufacturers, (including the surface pressure control equipment and downhole equipment): Twice the rated working pressure
up to 5,000 psi,
1 1/2 times working pressure for 5,000 psi and above.
Conventional Wellhead
Disadvantages:
1) Vertical clearance between rigfloor is excessive, 2) Each flange connection is a potential leak path.
C
API 6A certified, API PR1, PR2 Rated for 2,000 to 15,000 PSI and -75 F to 400 F . Material classes AA to HH. Elastomeric or metal-to-metal sealing. Accommodates casing sizes up to 26 inches. Reduces number of BOP connection breakage. Available for both vertical and horizontal production. Compact design decreases height and weight. The wellhead sits on top of the conductor (outer most pipe is the conductor).
Compact Wellhead
Compact Wellhead
Compact Wellhead
Pack-off Bushing The MBS Wellhead pack-off bushing lands on the casing hanger to suspend and seal the intermediate casing string(s). The inner seal on the bushing is a D seal which is energized by plastic packing. This seal can be reenergized, if necessary, throughout the life of the well.
Tubing Hanger
Secondary Barrier
Located at top of the completion string, Enable to run, hang-off, set and seal the completion string, It forms the load-bearing and supporting interface for tubing string, Accommodates the down hole control line connections. Have a screwed or nipple profile for a plug to be installed prior to removing the X-mas tree, Have a function during the testing of the Xmas tree valves. Seal is typically a metal-to-metal seal,
Tested both prior to and after releasing the tubing hanger running tool.
QUESTIONS ?
DOWNHOLE TOOLS
Well Training & Finance Ltd. Dr. Imre Federer
Associate Professor
Tubing Hanger Flow coupling Safety Valve Landing Nipple Flow coupling Side Pocket Mandrel Flow coupling Sliding Side Door Polished Bore Receptacle
Downhole Tools
Wireline Entry Guide
Packer Millout Extension Landing Nipple Perforated Joint Landing Nipple Wireline Entry Guide
Nipples Nipples are to allow a wireline device to pass through an upper nipple and be set in a lower one. The most common locations for nipples are:
Nipples
No-Go Nipple Has a No-Go restriction below the packing bore. The primary plugging point below the packer Receptacle for test plug to set the packer and test the tubing.
Allowing the DHSV to close on the well servicing equipment that is running through.
For this reason, should a tubing retrievable DHSV fail, the facility exists to permanently lock it open and insert another wireline retrievable safety valve inside it.
Advantage:
LOCK MANDREL
SAFETY VALVE
But may also be a casing polished bore nipple into which a packing mandrel will seal.
In the sealing device there is a valve mechanism operated by hydraulic pressure similar to an SCSSV.
The valve mechanism opens the communication path from the annulus below to the annulus above the valve and is fail-safe closed.
Storm Choke valves are restrictions in the flow Sub-Surface Controlled path held open by a spring. Sub-Surface Safety Valves The well can be reopened by pumping. (SSSV) SSSV placed in a nipple in the completion. They are run and pulled by wireline. Spring Popular in land operations due to its min.price.
Two Types:
Excess flow (pressure differential). If the flow rate increase significantly, the pressure differential across a choke changes and a spring closes the valve. Pressure activated (ambient pressure). The well hydrostatic pressure keeps the valve open. If the well starts to blow out, the tubing pressure drops and the valve is closed by a spring and pre-charged nitrogen chamber.
Open
Close
The standard pocket is ported between the seal bores to communicate with the casing annulus.
The SPM are used for tubing flow applications. SPM are available in sizes from 2-3/8 to 41/2 tubing and they will work with 1 and 11/2 O. D. gas lift valves. Side pocket mandrels have a position orienting sleeve and tool guard of the kickover tool with the pocket.
Side Pocket Mandrels with Gas Lift Valves
Packer
Landing Nipple
VII GLC 1 CN00049F
SPM is most commonly used in two ways. Used as a means of gas lifting the well, By using a Kick-Over Tool, a plug or valve can be run/pulled from the side pocket. Good practice to run a valve catcher below the SPM before pulling/running devices in the pocket. This is so that, if they drop off the Kick-Over Tool, they will not fall to the bottom of the well. Devices that can be installed in a SPM are: Gas Lift Valve - gas injection into the tubing. Shear kill valve - pressuring up annulus opens valve. Circulation valve - for protecting the pocket. Injection valve - for injecting inhibitor.
Circulating device which allows communication between tubing and annulus, without unseating the packer.
Installed in the tubing string a SS has a port that can be opened and closed by wireline. Shifting Tool is run on wireline and engages a profile on the inside of the inner sleeve.
By jarring the inner sleeve is moved. To close the Sliding Sleeve after it has been opened, the shifting tool is run the other way up and again it engages in the profile. By jarring in the opposite direction to opening, the inner sleeve moves to closed position. Such sleeves can either open upward and close downward or open downward and close upward.
J slot
Blanking Plugs (Positive plugs) They seal off in the nipple and hold pressure from both directions.
The pressure rating of plug should always be checked if it is planned to pressure up against it from above.
Usually used for pressure testing the completion above the valve.
Often used for setting packers. Check valves are also available which hold pressure from below only. They can be pumped through by applying tubing pressure above. Sometimes called Pump Through Plugs they can be used to isolate the well below a certain point while retaining the ability to pump into or kill the well.
Pressure Cycle Plugs The overbalance pressure above the plug must be cycled from zero to a preset value of perhaps 2500 psi a fixed number of times before the plug opens. The number of cycles can be pre-set to anything up to 20. The pressure cycle plug offers more flexibility and security before the plug is opened. Pump Out Plugs When the correct pressure is applied above the plug, the bottom of the plug shears off and is left downhole. They can give a greater flow path than pump open plugs although they have the same disadvantage of leaving a restriction in the nipple.
Same principle as the pump out plug, they are attached to the bottom of a completion.
When pressured up on and sheared, they leave a smooth full-bore end on the pipe.
They can be used when running completions in the same way as a pump open plug.
Questions?