Fourier theory made easy (?

)
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-8
-6
-4
-2
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2
4
6
8
5*sin (2t4t)
Amplitude = 5
Frequency = 4 Hz
seconds
A sine wave
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-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
5*sin(2t4t)
Amplitude = 5
Frequency = 4 Hz
Sampling rate = 256
samples/second
seconds
Sampling duration =
1 second
A sine wave signal
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-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
sin(2t8t), SR = 8.5 Hz
An undersampled signal
The Nyquist Frequency
The Nyquist frequency is equal to one-half
of the sampling frequency.
The Nyquist frequency is the highest
frequency that can be measured in a signal.
http://www.falstad.com/fourier/j2/
Fourier series
Periodic functions and signals may be
expanded into a series of sine and cosine
functions
The Fourier Transform
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
The Fourier Transform
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
Continuous Fourier Transform:
close your eyes if you
dont like integrals
The Fourier Transform
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
Continuous Fourier Transform:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
}
}

=
=
df e f H t h
dt e t h f H
ift
ift
t
t
2
2
A transform takes one function (or signal)
and turns it into another function (or signal)
The Discrete Fourier Transform:
The Fourier Transform

=
=
=
1
0
2
1
0
2
1
N
n
N ikn
n k
N
k
N ikn
k n
e H
N
h
e h H
t
t
Fast Fourier Transform
The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a very
efficient algorithm for performing a discrete
Fourier transform
FFT principle first used by Gauss in 18??
FFT algorithm published by Cooley & Tukey in
1965
In 1969, the 2048 point analysis of a seismic trace
took 13 hours. Using the FFT, the same task on
the same machine took 2.4 seconds!
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-1
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50
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300
Famous Fourier Transforms
Sine wave
Delta function
Famous Fourier Transforms
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Gaussian
Gaussian
Famous Fourier Transforms
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-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-100 -50 0 50 100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sinc function
Square wave
Famous Fourier Transforms
Sinc function
Square wave
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-100 -50 0 50 100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Famous Fourier Transforms
Exponential
Lorentzian
0 50 100 150 200 250
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
FFT of FID
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-2
-1
0
1
2
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
f = 8 Hz
SR = 256 Hz
T2 = 0.5 s
( ) ( )
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
exp 2 sin
T
t
ft t F t
FFT of FID
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-2
-1
0
1
2
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
f = 8 Hz
SR = 256 Hz
T2 = 0.1 s
FFT of FID
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-2
-1
0
1
2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0
50
100
150
200
f = 8 Hz
SR = 256 Hz
T2 = 2 s
Effect of changing sample rate
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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-2
-1
0
1
2
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
f = 8 Hz
T2 = 0.5 s
Effect of changing sample rate
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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-2
-1
0
1
2
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
SR = 256 Hz
SR = 128 Hz
f = 8 Hz
T2 = 0.5 s
Effect of changing sample rate
Lowering the sample rate:
Reduces the Nyquist frequency, which
Reduces the maximum measurable frequency
Does not affect the frequency resolution
Effect of changing sampling duration
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-2
-1
0
1
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
f = 8 Hz
T2 = .5 s
Effect of changing sampling duration
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-2
-1
0
1
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
ST = 2.0 s
ST = 1.0 s
f = 8 Hz
T2 = .5 s
Effect of changing sampling duration
Reducing the sampling duration:
Lowers the frequency resolution
Does not affect the range of frequencies you
can measure
Effect of changing sampling duration
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-2
-1
0
1
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
50
100
150
200
f = 8 Hz
T2 = 2.0 s
Effect of changing sampling duration
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-2
-1
0
1
2
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
ST = 2.0 s
ST = 1.0 s
f = 8 Hz
T2 = 0.1 s
Measuring multiple frequencies
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-3
-2
-1
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1
2
3
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20
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120
f
1
= 80 Hz, T2
1
= 1 s
f
2
= 90 Hz, T2
2
= .5 s
f
3
= 100 Hz, T2
3
= 0.25 s
SR = 256 Hz
Measuring multiple frequencies
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-3
-2
-1
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1
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3
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
f
1
= 80 Hz, T2
1
= 1 s
f
2
= 90 Hz, T2
2
= .5 s
f
3
= 200 Hz, T2
3
= 0.25 s
SR = 256 Hz
Some useful links
http://www.falstad.com/fourier/
Fourier series java applet
http://www.jhu.edu/~signals/
Collection of demonstrations about digital signal processing
http://www.ni.com/events/tutorials/campus.htm
FFT tutorial from National Instruments
http://www.cf.ac.uk/psych/CullingJ/dictionary.html
Dictionary of DSP terms
http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/McadInChem/mcad008/FT
4FreeIndDecay.pdf
Mathcad tutorial for exploring Fourier transforms of free-induction decay
http://lcni.uoregon.edu/fft/fft.ppt
This presentation