t-shifting s-shifting

T
i
m
e

d
o
m
a
i
n

L
a
p
l
a
c
e

d
o
m
a
i
n


Look-up table
) (t u
) (t o
1
s / 1
) ( * ) ( t g t f ) ( ) ( s G s F
L
a
p
l
a
c
e

t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m

A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s

Solving differential Equations
Review: Periodic Functions
0 p 2p 3p t
) (t f
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
x h np x h
x g np x g
x f np x f
bg af h
= +
)
`

= +
= +
+ =
Review: Series
Sequence

Partial summation of a sequence
Convergence / divergence
? ) ) 1 sin( 2 sin (sin lim
? )
)! 1 (
1
! 3
1
! 2
1
! 1
1
1 ( lim
= + + +
=

+ + + + +


t t t n
n
n
n

n
1
, ,
3
1
,
2
1
, 1

=
=
N
n
N
n
S
1
1
Trigonometric Series

=
+ +
1
0
) sin cos (
n
n n
nx b nx a a
Form a basis linearly independent
Orthogonal
nx nx x x x x sin , cos , , 2 sin , 2 cos , sin , cos , 1
0 sin cos
) ( 0 sin sin
) ( 0 cos cos
=
}
= =
}
= =
}

t
t
t
t
t
t
nxdx mx
n m nxdx mx
n m nxdx mx
Fourier Series: p=2

=
+ + =
1
0
) sin cos ( ) (
n
n n
nx b nx a a x f

, 2 , 1 sin ) (
1
, 2 , 1 cos ) (
1
) (
2
1
0
=
}
=
=
}
=
}
=

n nxdx x f b
n nxdx x f a
dx x f a
n
n
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
Fourier Series may not converge to f(x)

+ +

=1
0
) sin cos ( ~ ) (
n
n n
nx b nx a a x f
Fourier Series: p=2L

+ + =

=1
0
) sin cos ( ) (
n
n n
x
L
n
b x
L
n
a a x f
t t

, 2 , 1 sin ) (
1
, 2 , 1 cos ) (
1
) (
2
1
0
=
}
=
=
}
=
}
=

n xdx
L
n
x f
L
b
n xdx
L
n
x f
L
a
dx x f
L
a
L
L
n
L
L
n
L
L
t
t
Even & Odd Functions
) ( ) ( x g x g =
) ( ) ( x h x h =
Even function:
Odd function:
Key facts
Even

Odd

Product of even and odd is odd
}
=
}

L L
L
dx x g dx x g
0
) ( 2 ) (
0 ) ( =
}

L
L
dx x h
Theorem 1
Fourier cosine series
f(x) is an even function
p=2L

+ =

=1
0
cos ) (
n
n
x
L
n
a a x f
t
Fourier sine series
f(x) is an odd function
p=2L

=

=1
sin ) (
n
n
x
L
n
b x f
t
, 2 , 1
cos ) (
2
) (
1
0
0
0
=
}
=
}
=
n
xdx
L
n
x f
L
a
dx x f
L
a
L
n
L
t
, 2 , 1
sin ) (
2
0
=
}
=
n
xdx
L
n
x f
L
b
L
n
t
Theorem 2
Fourier coefficients of f1+f2 are the sums of the
corresponding Fourier coefficients of f1 and f2


Fourier coefficients if cf are c times the
corresponding Fourier coefficients of f
Half-range Expansions
, 0 ), ( For L x x f s s
) (t f
even
) (t f
odd
0 L
) (t f