ECE201 Lect-16 1

Operational Amplifiers (4.1-4.3)

Dr. Holbert
April 3, 2006
ECE201 Lect-16 2
Op Amps
Op Amp is short for operational amplifier.
An operational amplifier is modeled as a
voltage controlled voltage source.
An operational amplifier has a very high
input impedance and a very high gain.
ECE201 Lect-16 3
Use of Op Amps
Op amps can be configured in many
different ways using resistors and other
components.
Most configurations use feedback.
ECE201 Lect-16 4
Applications of Op Amps
Amplifiers provide gains in voltage or
current.
Op amps can convert current to voltage.
Op amps can provide a buffer between two
circuits.
Op amps can be used to implement
integrators and differentiators.
Lowpass and bandpass filters.
ECE201 Lect-16 5
The Op Amp Symbol
+
-
Non-inverting input
Inverting input
Ground
High Supply
Low Supply
Output
ECE201 Lect-16 6
The Op Amp Model
+
Inverting input
Non-inverting
input
R
in

v
+

v
-

+

A(v
+
-v
-
)
v
o

ECE201 Lect-16 7
Typical Op Amp
The input resistance R
in
is very large
(practically infinite).
The voltage gain A is very large (practically
infinite).
ECE201 Lect-16 8
Ideal Op Amp
The input resistance is infinite.
The gain is infinite.
The op amp is in a negative feedback
configuration.
ECE201 Lect-16 9
The Basic Inverting Amplifier

+
V
in

+

V
out

R
1

R
2

+

ECE201 Lect-16 10
Consequences of the Ideal
Infinite input resistance means the current
into the inverting input is zero:
i
-
= 0
Infinite gain means the difference between
v
+
and v
-
is zero:
v
+
- v
-
= 0
ECE201 Lect-16 11
Solving the Amplifier Circuit
Apply KCL at the inverting input:




i
1
+ i
2
+ i
-
=0

R
1

R
2

i
1

i
-

i
2

ECE201 Lect-16 12
KCL
0 =

i
1 1
1
R
v
R
v v
i
in in
=

=

2 2
2
R
v
R
v v
i
out out
=

=

ECE201 Lect-16 13
Solve for v
out



Amplifier gain:
2 1
R
v
R
v
out in
=
1
2
R
R
v
v
in
out
=
ECE201 Lect-16 14
Recap
The ideal op-amp model leads to the
following conditions:
i
-
= 0 = i
+

v
+
= v
-
These conditions are used, along with KCL
and other analysis techniques, to solve for
the output voltage in terms of the input(s).

ECE201 Lect-16 15
Where is the Feedback?

+
V
in

+

V
out

R
1

R
2

+

ECE201 Lect-16 16
Review
To solve an op-amp circuit, we usually
apply KCL at one or both of the inputs.
We then invoke the consequences of the
ideal model.
The op amp will provide whatever output
voltage is necessary to make both input
voltages equal.
We solve for the op-amp output voltage.
ECE201 Lect-16 17
The Non-Inverting Amplifier
+

v
in

+

v
out

R
1

R
2

+

ECE201 Lect-16 18
KCL at the Inverting Input
+

v
in

+

v
out

R
1

R
2

i
-

i
1
i
2

+

ECE201 Lect-16 19
KCL
0 =

i
1 1
1
R
v
R
v
i
in

=

2 2
2
R
v v
R
v v
i
in out out

=

=

ECE201 Lect-16 20
Solve for V
out

0
2 1
=

R
v v
R
v
in out in
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
1
2
1
R
R
v v
in out
ECE201 Lect-16 21
A Mixer Circuit

+
v
2

+

v
out

R
2

R
f
R
1

v
1

+

+

ECE201 Lect-16 22
KCL at the Inverting Input

+
v
2

+

v
out

R
2

R
f
R
1

v
1

i
1

i
2

i
f

i
-

+

+

ECE201 Lect-16 23
KCL
1
1
1
1
1
R
v
R
v v
i =

=

2
2
2
2
2
R
v
R
v v
i =

=

ECE201 Lect-16 24
KCL
0 =

i
f
out
f
out
f
R
v
R
v v
i =

=

ECE201 Lect-16 25
Solve for V
out

0
2
2
1
1
= + +
f
out
R
v
R
v
R
v
2
2
1
1
v
R
R
v
R
R
v
f f
out
=
ECE201 Lect-16 26
Class Example
Learning Extension E4.1
Learning Extension E4.2
Learning Extension E4.3