Capacitors (6.1); Inductors (6.2); LC Combinations (6.

3)
Dr. Holbert April 5, 2006

ECE201 Lect-17

Energy Storage Elements

Capacitors store energy in an electric field. Inductors store energy in a magnetic field. Capacitors and inductors are passive elements:
Can store energy supplied by circuit Can return stored energy to circuit Cannot supply more energy to circuit than is stored.
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Power Generation and Distribution

Energy storage elements model electrical loads: Capacitors model computers and other electronics (power supplies). Inductors model motors.

ECE201 Lect-17

Signal Processing Communication Instrumentation

Capacitors and inductors are used to build filters and amplifiers with desired frequency responses: Instrumentation amplifiers. Capacitors are used in analog-to-digital (A/D) converters to hold a sampled signal until it can be converted into bits.
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Solid State Digital Design

Integrated circuits (ICs) have layers of conductors (metal, silicon with impurities) with insulators (glass) between. This is a capacitor! This capacitance is one of the limiting factors in processor speeds. This capacitance is used to create RAMs.
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Electromagnetics
For high frequency signals, inductance and capacitance are more significant effects than resistance.

ECE201 Lect-17

Capacitance
Capacitance occurs when two conductors (plates) are separated by a dielectric (insulator). Charge on the two conductors creates an electric field that stores energy.
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Capacitance
The voltage difference between the two conductors is proportional to the charge: q=Cv The proportionality constant C is called capacitance. Units of Farads (F) Coulomb/Volt

ECE201 Lect-17

Capacitor
The rest i(t) of the circuit +
v(t)

dv(t ) i (t ) C dt
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Capacitor Voltage
1 v(t ) i( x)dx C
1 v(t ) v(t 0 ) i ( x)dx C t0
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Energy Stored
1 2 wC (t ) Cv (t ) 2

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Class Examples
Learning Extension E6.2 Learning Extension E6.3

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Inductance
Inductance occurs when current flows through a (real) conductor. The current flowing through the conductor sets up a magnetic field that is proportional to the current. The voltage difference across the conductor is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic field.
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Inductance
The voltage difference across the inductor is proportional to the rate of change of the current. The proportionality constant is called the inductance, denoted L Units of Henrys (H) - Vs/A

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Inductor
The rest i(t) of the circuit +
H v(t)

di(t ) v(t ) L dt
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Inductor Current
1 i(t ) v( x)dx L
1 i (t ) i (t 0 ) v( x)dx L t0
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Energy Stored
1 2 wL (t ) Li (t ) 2

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Class Examples
Learning Extension E6.4 Learning Extension E6.5

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Inductor Combinations
Series inductors combine like series resistors Lser = L1 + L2 + L3 +
Parallel inductors combine like parallel resistors 1/Lpar = 1/L1 + 1/L2 + 1/L3 +
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Capacitor Combinations
Series capacitors combine like parallel resistors (opposite) 1/Cser = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 +
Parallel capacitors combine like series resistors (opposite) Cpar = C1 + C2 + C3 +
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Class Examples
Learning Extension E6.7 Learning Extension E6.8

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