Section 2 : Storage Networking Technologies and Virtualization

Direct Attached Storage and Introduction to SCSI

Chapter 5

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Chapter Objective
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: o Discuss the benefits and challenges of DAS

o Discuss DAS management options

o Discuss evolution of SCSI o Describe SCSI 3 architecture o Discuss SCSI addressing and communication model

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Lesson: Direct Attached Storage

Upon completion of this lesson, you will be able to: o Discuss the benefits of DAS

o Describe the elements of DAS

o Discuss DAS management considerations o Discuss DAS challenges

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What is DAS?

Internal Direct Connect

External Direct Connect

o Uses block level protocol for data access

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DAS Benefits
o Ideal for local data provisioning o Quick deployment for small environments

o Simple to deploy
o Low capital expense o Low complexity

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DAS Connectivity Options

o ATA (IDE) and SATA
o Primarily for internal bus

o SCSI
o Parallel (primarily for internal bus) o Serial (external bus)

o FC
o High speed network technology

o Buss and Tag

o Primarily for external mainframe o Precursor to ESCON and FICON

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DAS Management
o Internal
o Host provides:
o Disk partitioning (Volume management) o File system layout

o Direct Attached Storage managed individually through the server and the OS

o External
o Array based management o Lower TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) for managing data and storage Infrastructure

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DAS Challenges
o Scalability is limited
o Number of connectivity ports to hosts o Difficulty to add more capacity o Limited bandwidth o Distance limitations

o Downtime required for maintenance with internal DAS o Limited ability to share resources
o Array front-end port o Unused resources cannot be easily re-allocated o Resulting in islands of over and under utilized storage pools

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Lesson Summary
Key points covered in this lesson: o Internal and External DAS

o DAS Benefit
o DAS Management Options o DAS Limitations

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Lesson: Introduction to SCSI

Upon completion of this module, you will be able to: o Describe SCSI-3 architecture

o Discuss SCSI device models with different port configurations

o Describe SCSI Addressing

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Evolution of Parallel SCSI

o Developed by Shugart Associates & named as SASI (Shugart Associates System Interface) o ANSI acknowledged SCSI as an industry standard o SCSI versions
o SCSI1
o Defined cable length, signaling characteristics, commands & transfer modes o Used 8-bit narrow bus with maximum data transfer rate of 5 MB/s

o SCSI2
o Defined Common Command Set (CCS) to address non-standard implementation of the original SCSI o Improved performance, reliability, and added additional features

o SCSI3
o Latest version of SCSI o Comprised different but related standards, rather than one large document
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SCSI3 Architecture
SCSI Architectural Model
SCSI-3 Command Protocol SCSI Primary Commands SCSI Specific Commands

Common Access Method

Transport Layer SCSI-3 Protocol Fibre Channel Protocol Serial Bus Protocol Generic Packetized Protocol

Physical Layer

SCSI-3 Parallel Interface

IEEE Serial Bus

Fibre Channel

o SCSI command protocol

o Primary commands common to all devices

o Transport layer protocol

o Standard rules for device communication and information sharing

o Physical layer interconnect

o Interface details such as electrical signaling methods and data transfer modes
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SCSI Device Model

SCSI communication involves: o SCSI initiator device
o Issues commands to SCSI target devices o Example: SCSI host adaptor
SCSI Initiator Device Device Service Request Device Service Response Task Management Request Task Management Response

o SCSI target device

o Executes commands issued by initiators

o Examples: SCSI peripheral devices

SCSI Target Device

Logical Unit Device Server Task Manager

Application Client

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SCSI Device Model (Cont.)

o Device requests uses Command Descriptor Block (CDB)
o 8 bit structure o Contain operation code, command specific parameter and control parameter

o SCSI Ports
o SCSI device may contain initiator port, target port, target/initiator port

o Based on the port combination, a SCSI device can be classified as an initiator model, a target model, a target model with multiple ports or a combined model (target/initiator model). Example:
o Target/initiator device contain target/initiator port and can switch orientations depending on the role it plays while participating in an I/O operation

o To cater to service requests from multiple devices, a SCSI device may also have multiple ports (e.g. target model with multiple ports)
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SCSI Addressing
Initiator Target LUNs

Initiator ID

Target ID

LUN

o Initiator ID - a number from 0 to 15 with the most common value being 7. o Target ID - a number from 0 to 15 o LUN - a number that specifies a device addressable through a target.

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SCSI Addressing Example

Target (Front-end port) Target t0
Port Port

LUN LUN LUN

d0 d1 d2 Storage Volumes

Port Port Port

Host

Initiator (HBA) Controller c0

Storage Array

Host Addressing: Storage Volume 1 - c0t0d0 Storage Volume 2 - c0t0d1 Storage Volume 3 - c0t0d2

Initiator ID Target ID

LUN

c0
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t0

d0

Lesson Summary
Key points covered in this lesson: o SCSI 3 Architecture

o SCSI device model

o SCSI addressing

Additional Task Refer www,t10.org for updated information on SCSI

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Chapter Summary
Key points covered in this chapter: o DAS can be internal or external

o DAS challenges
o SCSI 3 architecture o SCSI addressing

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Check Your Knowledge

o Give an example of when DAS is a good solution? o List SCSI Device Models with Different Port Configurations?

o How many devices SCSI can support?

o Which SCSI ID has highest priority?

Additional Task
Research on Serial Attached SCSI (SAS)

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