Introduction To Data

Scales of Measure

Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

The Breakthrough Strategy

Define Measure Characterize Analyze
BB Works with Management
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Select Output Characteristic and identify key process input and output variables Define Performance Standards Validate Measurement System Establish Product Capability Define Performance Objectives Identify Variation Sources Screen Potential Causes Discover Variable Relationships Establish Operating Tolerances

Improve Optimize Control

Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

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10 Validate Measurement System 11 Determine Process Capability 12 Implement Process Controls

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Measurement Phase
Project Definition: Problem Description (Authorize.ppt) Project Metrics (Metrics.xls) Process Exploration: Process Flow Diagram C&E Matrix, PFMEA, Fishbones Data collection system Measurement System(s) Analysis (MSA): Attribute / Variable Gage Studies Capability Assessment (on each Y) Capability (Cpk, Ppk, s Level, DPU, RTY) Graphical & Statistical Tools Project Summary Conclusion(s) Issues and barriers Next steps Completed Local Project Review
Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

What do you want to know?

Plan 1) What do you want to know? 2) How do you want to see what it is that you need to know?
Information Sources: Words (A to Z) Pictorial

3) What type of tool will generate what it Critical Verbal is that you need to see? Questions Numeric (0-9) 4) What type of data is required of the selected tool ? 5) Where can you get the required type Grouping Measurement of data? Execute
Discrete Nominal Ordinal Continuous

Data does not provide information You have to torture data for it to give information. And the instrument of torture is statistics. Dr. Mikel Harry.
Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

Interval

Ratio

Discrete Vs. Continuous Data

DISCRETE CONTINUOUS

$
NO-GO GO

Caliper

$
TOTAL $10.00 $4.50 $10.00 $10.00

SHIPPING ORDER
QTY 1 3 10 2 UNIT $10.00 $1.50 $10.00 $5.00 DESCRIPTION

ERROR

Time

FAIL

PASS

TEMPERATURE Thermometer Electrical Circuit

Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

The Advantage of Continuous Data

To obtain the same level of understanding regarding a process

$
Sparse Information

Continuous

Rich With Information

Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

Categories of Scales
Categories of scale Nominal: unrelated categories which represent membership or nonmembership. Ordinal: ordered categories with no information about distance between categories. Interval: ordered categories with equal distance between categories, but no absolute zero point. Ratio: ordered categories with equal distance between categories with an absolute zero point. Description Discrete data (usually) Grouping / sorting Yes / no, pass / fail Arithmetic not possible Discrete data Ranking Seldom used Very little arithmetic possible Examples Categories Labels

1st, 2nd, 3rd Relative height Alphabetic order 1<2<3<4

Continuous data Most common scale Use arithmetic with caution Continuous data Proportional relationship Most forms of arithmetic apply

Temperature scales Dial indicator

Velocity = distance/time Ruler

Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

Nominal Scale

Nominal scales of measure are used to classify elements into categories without considering any specific property. Examples of nominal scales include causes on fish bone diagrams, yes / no, pass / fail, etc. Equipment Application
Application form Select one from each group Nationality

Poor paint adhesion Environment Materials

List of Field Reps Access to a digital camera Without access to a digital camera Fred W. Bill S. John D. Sam C.
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Marital status Bob T. Jim C. Occupation Joe W. Diane A.

Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

Ordinal Scale
Ordinal scales of measure are used to order or rank nominal (pass / fail) data based on a specific property. Examples of ordinal scales include relative height, Pareto charts, customer satisfaction surveys, etc.
Example 1: Pareto Chart - Paint Adhesion Test
Question: How would you rate our service?

Example 2: Customer Survey

Relative Size

Excellent
Very Good Order of importance Good Fair Poor

Ordinal Scale
Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

Likert Scale (Ordinal)

Types of Questions for Questionnaires

Example Rating Scale Ranges

Five-point school grading system (A B C D E) Seven-point numerical rating (1 2 3 4 5 6 7) Verbal scale (excellent, good, average, fair, poor)
Strongly agree Somewhat agree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat disagree Strongly disagree Much better than expected Somewhat less than expected Much less than expected One of the best of all Better than most About the same as most Worse than many

Somewhat better than expected One of the worst of all As expected

Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

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Interval and Ratio Scale

Interval scales of measure are used to express numerical information on a scale with equal distance between categories, but no absolute zero. a dial gage sitting on top of a gage block, comparison of differences, etc. Ratio scales of measure are used to express numerical information on a scale with equal distance between categories, but with an absolute zero in the range of measurement.
a tape measure, ruler, position Vs time at constant speed, etc.

Examples of interval scale: (no absolute zero)

1. Displaced Scale
50 40 30 20 10 0
0.20

Examples of Ratio Scale (absolute zero)

2. Dial Gage
0.10 0

1. Ruler

3. Relative Velocity block

Gage

2. Position Vs Time at Constant Speed 3. Weight As a Function of Number of Bricks

Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

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Selecting Statistical Techniques

There are statistical techniques to cover all combinations of data types.
Outputs

Discrete (Attribute)
Discrete (Attribute) Continuous (Variable) Chi-square

Continuous (Variable)
Analysis of Variance Correlation

Inputs

Discriminate Analysis Logistic regression

Multiple Regression

These are some of the statistical techniques that you will use to drive Process Improvement
Visteon Corporation Module #5 Intro to Data Rev 1.0 3/02

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