You are on page 1of 40

1

Lesson #1.3 Meiosis


3

Mitosis/Meiosis Overview
Difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
Reproduction
Asexual, required 1 parent cell Division increases population

Growth
Organism develops from a single cell 100 trillion cells in a human body from single cell RBC reproduce 1 million/second

Repair

Mitosis/Meiosis Overview
Meiosis
Reproduction
Sexual, requires TWO parents Produces gametes: egg and sperm cells Leads to genetic variability and diversity within species

Formation of Gametes
(Eggs & Sperm)

Meiosis

Facts About Meiosis


Preceded by interphase which includes chromosome replication Goes through Two meiotic divisions
Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Original cell is diploid (2n) Four daughter cells produced, are haploid (1n)

Facts About Meiosis


Daughter cells contain half the number of chromosomes as the original cell Produces gametes (eggs & sperm) Occurs in the testes in males Occurs in the ovaries in females

More Meiosis Facts


Start

with 46 double stranded chromosomes After 1 division - 23 double stranded chromosomes After 2nd division - 23 single stranded chromosomes Occurs in our germ cells that produce gametes
9

Why Do we Need Meiosis?


It is the fundamental basis of sexual reproduction Two haploid (1n) gametes are brought together through fertilization to form a diploid (2n) zygote

10

Fertilization Putting it all together


2n = 6
1n =3

11

Replication of Chromosomes
Replication is the process of duplicating a chromosome Occurs prior to division Replicated copies are called sister chromatids Held together at centromere
Occurs in Interphase

12

A Replicated Chromosome
Gene X

Homologous chromosomes
(same genes, different alleles)

Sister Chromatids
(same genes, same alleles)

Meiosis Forms Haploid Gametes


Meiosis must reduce the chromosome number by half Fertilization then restores the 2n number
from mom from dad child

too much!
meiosis reduces genetic content The right number!
14

Meiosis: Two Part Cell Division


Homologs separate Meiosis I Sister chromatids separate

Meiosis II

Diploid Haploid Haploid


15

Meiosis I: Reduction Division

Nucleus
Early Prophase I (Chromosome number doubled) Late Prophase I

Spindle fibers

Nuclear envelope

Metaphase Anaphase Telophase I I I

16

Prophase I

Early prophase
Homologs pair. Crossing over occurs.

Late prophase

Chromosomes condense. Spindle forms. Nuclear envelope fragments.


17

Tetrads Form in Prophase I


Homologous chromosomes (each with sister chromatids)

Join to form a TETRAD

18

Crossing-Over
Homologous chromosomes in a tetrad cross over each other Pieces of chromosomes or genes are exchanged Produces Genetic recombination in the offspring
19

Homologous Chromosomes During Crossing-Over

20

Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment
21

Metaphase I
Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the equator of the cell

Microtubules from one pole are attached to the centromere of one chromosome of each tetrad, while those from the other pole are attached to the other.

22

Anaphase I

Homologs separate and move to opposite poles.


Sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres.
23

Telophase I
-Homologous chromosomes move until there is a haploid set at each pole. -Each chromosome consists of linked sister chromatids. -Cytokinesis by the same mechanisms as mitosis usually occurs simultaneously Nucleus reforms, but there is no further replication of chromosomes.

24

Meiosis II

NO interphase between Meiosis I and Meiosis II

25

Meiosis II: Reducing Chromosome Number

Prophase II

Metaphase Telophase II Anaphase 4 unique II II haploid cells


26

Prophase II
During prophase II a spindle apparatus forms, attaches to centromeres of each sister chromatids, and moves them around.

Spindle fibers from one pole attach to the centromere of one sister chromatid and those of the other pole to the other sister chromatid.

27

Metaphase II

Chromosomes align along equator of cell.

28

Anaphase II
Equator

Pole

Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

29

Telophase II
Nuclear envelope assembles. Chromosomes decondense. Spindle disappears. Cytokinesis divides cell into two.
30

Results of Meiosis
-Gametes (egg & sperm) form -Four haploid cells with one copy of each chromosome

-One allele of each gene is inherited from each parent -Different combinations of alleles for different genes along the chromosome

Lesson#1.3 Gametogenesis

32

Gametogenesis
Oogenesis or Spermatogenesis
33

Spermatogenesis
Occurs in the testesbegins at puberty Two divisions produce 4 spermatids Spermatids mature into sperm Men produce about 250,000,000 sperm per day
34

Spermatogenesis

Oogenesis
Occurs in the ovaries Two divisions produce 3 polar bodies that die and 1 egg Polar bodies die because of unequal division of cytoplasm Immature egg called oocyte Starting at puberty, one oocyte matures into an ovum (egg) every 28 days
36

Oogenesis
First polar body may divide (haploid)
a X a X

Meiosis II a
X

Polar bodies die

Mitosis Oogonium (diploid)

a A

X
X

Meiosis I

(if fertilization occurs)


A X

Primary oocyte (diploid)

Secondary oocyte (haploid)

Ovum (egg) Mature egg A Second polar body (haploid)


37

Putting it all together


All your body cells (somatic cells) go through mitosis for repair and growth
46 chromosomes, 2n (diploid)

At puberty, your sex cells (gametes) go through meiosis to prepare for fertilization
23 chromosomes, n (haploid)

FERTILIZATION

1 haploid egg + 1 haploid sperm = 1 diploid zygote


mitosis

Mitosis for repair

Adult

mitosis

baby

embryo
mitosis

38

Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis


39

Comparison of Divisions
Mitosis
1 2 Number of divisions Number of daughter cells Genetically identical? Chromosome # 2 4

Meiosis

Yes
Same as parent

No
Half of parent

Where When Role

Somatic cells Throughout life


Growth and repair

Germ cells At sexual maturity Sexual reproduction


40

You might also like