Environmental Pollution Control (ETZC362)

Dr. Jegatha Nambi Krishnan Department of Chemical Engineering

7th Jan. 2014
etzc362 1

Course Description
Air & water pollution
Sampling & analysis of pollutant

Control methods for air & water pollutants

Wastewater treatment processes

Solid waste management

Noise pollution & Environment impact analysis
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Text (T), Reference Book (R) & Study Material (SM)

T1: C.S. Rao, Environmental Pollution Control Engineering, New Age International 2nd Ed., 2006.
R1: R. E Weiner & R. A. Matthews, Environmental Engineering, 4th ed. R2: Davis, M. L. and D. A. Cornwell, Introduction to Environmental Engineering, McGraw Hill, New York, 4th ed., 2008.

SM1: Noise Pollution & Environmental Impact Analysis, Notes.

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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

LECTURE PLAN
Lecture No.

Learning Objectives

Topics to be covered

Text Book Chap.

1
2

Overview of environment and its Impact of Man on the impacts environment: An overview Types of Air pollutants, Effect of air pollution, Air pollution laws and standards To study the meteorological conditions prevailing in the atmosphere, which affect the dispersion of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere. To study the types of pollutants sampling measurement Air Pollution: Sources and effects

T1. Ch1
T1. Ch2

Meteorological aspects of air pollutant dispersion.

T1. Ch3

air Air pollution sampling & & measurement

T1. Ch4 4

7th Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

LECTURE PLAN
Lecture No. 5 Text Book Chap. T1. Ch5.1-5.4

Learning Objectives To study different control methods for removal of particulates from air. To study different control methods for removal of particulates from air.

Topics to be covered Air pollution control methods and equipment

Air pollution control methods and equipment

Control of specific Gaseous Pollutants Solution problems techniques for

T1. Ch5.6

7
8

Various control techniques

Numerical problems

T1. Ch 6
Based on above chapters

7th Jan. 2014

(Course Code: etzc 362)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Objectives
To define the environmental engineering Will understand the basics of environment Will learn about environmental laws To understand the properties of air pollutants Get an idea about types of emission sources Some concepts reg. pollutants behavior in atmosphere
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

What is pollution?
Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment. Three major pollution and its control. Air Pollution Water Pollution Land Pollution
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Air Pollution

Courtesy: moef.nic.in

7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Causes of Air Pollution

One of the main causes of air pollution is the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, this happens because of deforestation and fossil fuel burning. Sulfur dioxide is another air polluter and is released into the atmosphere by the burning of sulfur containing compounds of fossil fuels. Sulfur oxides are very dangerous to humans at a high concentration. Sulfur in the atmosphere is responsible for acid rain.
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

More causes of air pollution: CFCs

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) also contribute to air pollution by reducing the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. CFCs come from a variety of places such as:
the burning of plastic foam items leaking refrigerator equipment spray cans
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Natural Air Pollutants

Natural air pollutants can include:
Smoke from wild fires Methane released from live stock Volcanic eruptions

Courtesy: EGU- media library

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Water Pollution

Courtesy: science daily

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Causes of Water Pollution

Factors that contribute to water pollution can be categorized into two different groups
Point sources Non-point sources Point sources are the easiest to identify and control Non point sources are ambiguously defined and harder to control
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Point Sources
Some point sources of water pollution include Waste products from factories Waste from sewage system Waste from power plants Waste from underground coalmines Waste from oil wells

They are called point sources because they are direct sources of water pollution and can be reduced and monitored
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Example of a point source

Courtesy: www.epa.gov.

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Non-point Sources
The term non-point source encompasses a large range of sources such as:
when rain or snow moves through the ground and picks up pollutants as it moves towards a major body of water. the runoff of fertilizers from farm animals and crop land. air pollutants getting washed or deposited to earth. storm water drainage from lawns, parking lots, and streets.
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Non-point source: Agricultural runoff

Courtesy: news.wisc.edu

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Land Pollution

Courtesy: lifeofearth.org

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Causes of Land Pollution

Four Main causes of land pollution
Construction

Agriculture
Domestic waste

Industrial Waste
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Construction

Buildings take up resources and land, the trees are chopped down and used to make buildings
Takes away from places for animals and other organisms to live

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Agriculture

As there are more and more people inhabiting the earth, food is in higher demand and so forests are chopped down and turned into farmland
In addition, herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers, animal manure are washed into the soil and pollute it
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Domestic Waste
Tons of domestic waste is dumped every day. Some Waste from homes, offices and industries can be recycled or burnt in incinerators There is still a lot of garbage, such as refrigerators and washing machines that are dumped in landfills simply because they cannot be reused in anyway, nor recycled
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Industrial Waste

Plastics factories, chemical plants, oil refineries, nuclear

waste disposal activity, large animal farms, coal-fired

power plants, metals production factories and other

heavy industry all contribute to land pollution.

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Environment, Pollution, Control

Natural environment: encompasses all living & non-living things occurring naturally on Earth & there is a interaction between all living & non-living species. Pollution: is the introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the eco-system. Control: set of devices, command, direct which behavior of a system. regulates the

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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Impact of Man on Environment

Earth science generally recognizes 4 spheres,

Lithosphere,

Hydrosphere,

Atmosphere, Biosphere

Biosphere: Environment which supports life & sustains various human activities Shallow layer compared to total size of Earth & extends 20 km from bottom of ocean to the highest point in atmosphere Contains approx. 3 million species (105 - green plant, animal and 104 - bacteria and fungi) Supplies essential requisites of life for all species like light, heat, 25 water, food & habitats
7th Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Biosphere
Biosphere is very complex and large, it is usually divided into smaller units or ecosystems. All ecosystems can be divided into two parts known as the biotic and abiotic components. Abiotic (nonliving) Phosphorus and Nitrogen Biotic (living) Category 3 functional groups Producers Autotrophic organisms ex. green plants, algae Consumers Heterotrophic organisms ex. mammals, fish, insects and birds Decomposers Heterotrophic organisms ex. bacteria and fungimake chemical components available 26 to producers
7th Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Ecosystem
An operating ecosystem ex. Pond Abiotic water, nutrients, oxygen and CO2 Producers large rooted plants and free floating minute plants (algae called phytoplankton) Primary consumers benthos or bottom forms and zooplankton (no swimming ability) Decomposers bacteria and fungi utilize organic carbon and generate CO2 Detritivores live on the organic wastes

What is a healthy Systems ?

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Aquatic Ecosystem

Courtesy: T1

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Natural Cycles
Chemical elements circulate between organisms and environment through pathways comprising the natural cycles.
Hydrologic cycle Biogeochemical cycle 1. carbon, 2. Nitrogen, 3. Phosphorus and 4. sulphur Homeostatic mechanisms called feedback loops tend to maintain the system in stable condition
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Hydrologic Cycle

Courtesy: T1

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Hydrologic / Water Cycle

Most important of all cycles in biosphere Oceans 97% of water in biosphere Continents and in the atmosphere 3% of water Glaciers and Icecapes 70% of this latter Water on which human depend so heavily lakes, streams and ground water less than 1% Hydrologic cycle depends on evaporation and precipitation The continent lose more than 50% precipitation through evaporation
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Carbon

Biosphere contains a complex mixture of carbon compounds in a dynamic equilibrium of formation, transformation and decomposition. Major reservoir of carbon is ocean stores 50 times as much as atmosphere. Reserves of bound carbon on earth inorganic deposits such as limestone and organic fossil fuel (coal & petrol). Due to combustion of fossil fuels, weathering and dissolution of carbonate rocks and volcanic activity some of the bound carbon returns to the atmospheric aquatic reservoir as CO2 or carbonic acids. 32
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Carbon

Courtesy: T1

Doubling of CO2 concentration from recent records revealed raise in global temperature by 3 to 4 C which affects the worlds rain fall patterns. 33
7th Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Nitrogen

Nitrogen forms 79 % of the atmosphere. It cannot be used directly by most forms of life. It must first be fixed before it can be utilized by plants and animals. By fixation, nitrogen is converted into its chemical compounds, largely nitrates (NO3) and ammonia (NH3). Fixation of nitrogen physicochemical and biological Biological Azetobacter and Clostridium, nodule bacteria on leguminous plants like Rhizobium, and some blue-green algae.
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Nitrogen

The nitrates are assimilated to form amino acids, urea, and other organic residues in the producer, consumer and decomposer cycles. The aminoacids and urea are then converted to ammonia through a process called ammonification. Denitrifying bacteria convert the ammonia into nitrites, then into nitrates, and then back into gaseous nitrogen. Most of the excess nitrogen is carried of into rivers and lakes and ultimately reaches the ocean. This increase results in the process of eutrophication.
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Nitrogen

Courtesy: T1

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Nutrient Cycle Phosphorous

Phosphorous plays an important role in the growth of living tissue, for it is involved in the metabolic processes of energy transfer. It does not form gaseous compounds at normal temperatures and pressures, and hence it cannot return to the atmosphere. The main reservoirs of phosphorus on land are rock and natural phosphate deposits. Rain and other natural processes cause phosphorous to be released to the soil and much of it is fixed in the soil or absorbed on to soil particles. 37
7th Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Phosphorous

Inorganic phosphate salts from the soil and convert them into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) The organic phosphates are transferred to consumers and decomposers and subsequently are made available as inorganic phosphates for recycling via bacterial decomposition. The zooplankton may excrete as much phosphorous as is stored in their bodies.
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Phosphorous

More phosphorus is being lost to the depths of the ocean than is being added to the land and fresh water systems. This net one-way displacement of phosphorus reserves from land to ocean is of some concern because phosphorus as a nutrient would be in short supply (growth determining nutrient) Because of the accelerated use of fertilizers and synthetic fertilizers and synthetic detergents, the phosphorus cycle is substantially affected. Phosphorus pollution has contributed to the eutrophication of many water bodies. 39
7th Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Sulphur

Sulphur, like nitrogen, is a basic constituent of proteins in plants and animals. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) are the important gaseous forms, and the sulphate ion (SO4 2-) is the common form found in water and soil. Sulphate ion is reduced after being absorbed from the soil by plants and bacteria, and ultimately incorporated as the sulphydryl group (-SH) in proteins.
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Sulphur

Some sulphates are reduced under anaerobic conditions directly to sulphides, including H2S, or to elemental sulphur by a class of bacteria known as Desulfavibrio bacteria, found largely at ocean bottom. The hydrogen sulphide thus produced escapes as a gas into the atmosphere and replenishes the sulphur lost by precipitation. In the presence of oxygen, H2S is rapidly oxidized to sulphates by bacteria of genus Thiobacillus.
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Sulphur

Even in the absence of oxygen, several types of bacteria such as Chlorobacteriaceae and Thiorhodaceae oxidize H2S to elemental sulphur. Atmosphere receives sulphur through bacterial emission (H2S), fossil fuel burning (SO2), wind-blown sea salts (SO42-) Sulphur in the form of SO2 or H2S is converted to sulphur trioxide which dissolves in water droplets to form sulphuric acid. Sulphates and the acid precipitate with rain causing adverse ecological effects. 42
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Nutrient Cycle Sulphur

Courtesy: T1

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Population Growth
One of the factor that effect the degradation of the environment is population growth Advance food production, industrial revolution, & sophisticated medical facility lowered the death rate Population growth rates are commonly expressed as percent Td = 69.3/r , where r is percent growth per year Rate of growth (r) of population of a region can be predicted by r = birth death + migration Av. Growth rate is ~ 1.2 percent in 2011 World population is ~ 6.98 billion as on 2011 China & India contributes ~ 19 & 17 % respectively
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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Energy Consumption
Before nineteenth century, mans major energy sources were animal power, wind power, wood and vegetable oils and there was no large perturbations on environment

With industrial civilization & advanced urbanization, energy consumption increases a lot Major reasons for the growth of energy consumption are exponential growth of population and exponential growth of per capita energy consumption rate
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Energy Consumption

World energy consumption per capita per day ~ 75 KWh as on 2011

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7th Jan. 2014

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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Towards a Solution
Many of the environmental pollution problems can be solved with the available technology Inorder to ensure environmental protection, the Govt. of India has created a department of environment with wide range of responsibilities. There are more than 200 central and state laws in existence today to protect the environment. Major central laws include Wild Life Protection Act of 1972, the water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974, the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and the new environment (Protection) Act of 1986. 47
7th Jan. 2014 (Course Code: etzc 362)
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Towards a Solution
If the government is determined to use the technical knowhow, legislative checks and management skills for controlling pollution, there is a reasonable hope for the goal of environmental protection. Most of the pollution problems are integrated and a systems approach to environmental control is needed. Public awareness is essential. Present rate of growth of pollution, industrialization and urbanisation, there is an urgent need for a holistic thinking on the management of our resources and environment.
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BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus