Metering

Why
Electricity is not free, for production, cost is incurred in the form of
Fuel cost Employee cost Capital cost

The production cost have to be born by consumer Producer is one and consumers are many Cost cannot be equally divided among the consumers

Recovery of cost
By equally dividing among the consumer
All consumers does not consume equal energy Why pay for the energy used by other

By dividing the cost by installed consumption capacity of consumer

Under recover for producer Consumer have to pay even for the energy not used by them

Whats the solution

Install Meters for each consumer

Metering
Direct metering Indirect metering

Direct metering
Voltage and current are applied directly to meter
Energy Meter

P N
Phase Side Load Side

Indirect Metering
CT is provided for measurement of current PT is installed for measurement of voltage

Energy Meter

P N

C T

Load Side

Supply Side

P T

Type of meters

Electro Mechanical

Electronic/ Static Meter

Accuracy
Class 2
Used where energy consumption is very low

Class 1
Used where energy consumption is medium

Class 0.5
Where bulk energy is consumed or generated

Class 0.2
Same as class 0.5 however where more accounting of energy is required

Calibration chart for class 0.5 meters

Load <10% 0.5lead 0.5 lag 1.4% 1.2% 0.8% Unity 0.8% 0.5%

20-110% 1%

Selection of Direct Meter

Direct meters have different current ranges i.e. 2Amp, 5Amp, 20 Amp or so Meters are selected so that minimum load of customer should be more than 20% of the full current

 If load current is higher CT are used If expected power factor is less than 0.5 lead or lag then special energy meters are to be used

Indirect Metering
Standard current for meters are 1 or 5 amps Some manufacturer provide both options Generally meters have PT inputs of 110V for 3 ph 3wire and 63 volts for 3ph 4 wire As per requirement of customer special range CT and PT can be produced

Factors affecting metering

Accuracy class
Meter CT PT
For example Meter acc class : 0.5 CT acc class : 0.5 PT Acc class : 0.5

Location of meter Size of conductor for

CT circuit PT circuit
Energy Meter

Then over all accuracy of measurement will CT be 1.5%

PT

PT/CT accuracy curve

0.4 0.2 0 0% -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 25% 50% 75% 100 125

100% load
25% load

Equivalent model
Energy Meter

Iv

Location of Meter
If possible install meter near to CT and PT secondary. Use of large cross section of pilot wires Removal of all burdens from CT and PT secondary Separate core for commercial metering

Practices at NTPC dadri

Separate CVT installed where ever commercial meters are installed. Pilot wire cross section changed from 2X2.5 sqmm to 10sqmm. All unnecessary equipments removed from CT and PT circuit

cont
PT replaced with 0.2 acc class instead of 0.5 class CT replaced with 0.2 acc class

 asbhogal@ntpc.co.in
Mobile 09650994669

Unit of metering
Basic unit of energy measure is kWh kWh=Voltage* current * power factor=VICos