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Theories of bonding: explanations for chemical bond, Lewis dot structures and the following.
distance
But overlapping of simple atomic orbitals does not explain all the features. Thus, we have to take another look, or do something about atomic orbitals hybridization. How does valence-bond approach explain the formation of chemicalTheories bonds? of chemical bonding
During the lecture, these hybridized orbitals will be explained: sp 2 sp hybrid orbitals from mixing of a s and a p orbital sp 2 3 sp2 hybrid orbitals from mixing of a s and 2 p orbital sp3 fill in you explanation please sp3d 5 sp3d hybrid orbitals from mixing of a s and 3 p and a d orbital sp3d 2 ____________
Theories of chemical bonding Provide a description for hybrid orbitals sp, sp2, sp3, sp3d, and sp3d2 4
__ __ __
Two states of Be
Double and triple bonds involve pi p bonding, and the the application of valence bond method to p bonds will be discussed.
A p Bond
Sigma (s) bond is symmetric about axis. Pi (p) electron distribution above and below axis with a nodal plane, on which probability of finding electron is zero; p bond is not as strong as sigma - less overlap. Nodal plane
Bonding of C2H4
Two p bonds in HCCH and HCN triple bonds are due to overlapping of p orbitals results.
sp hybrid orbitals
py over lap
in p bond
C 2s 2p 2p 2p sp sp 2p 2p
Draw and describe how atomic orbitals overlap Theories of chemical bonding to form all bonds in acetylene, HCCH
A triple bond consists of a sigma and two pi bonds. Overlaps of two sets of p orbitals form of two p bonds.
Theories of chemical bonding 9
Bonding of CO2
For CO2, the C atom forms a s bond and a p bond with each of two O atoms. The two nodal planes of the two p bonds are also perpendicular. During the lecture, I draw diagrams and explain the two s two p bonds in CO2. You are expected to be able to do the same, in a test.
Resonance structures
py over lap in p bond
:OCO: :OCO: ..
Discuss the bonding of allene H2C=C=CH2 See extra problems B17 in the handout Overlap pp in s bonds
px over lap in p bond
O=C=O or H2C=C=CH2
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O
(b)
O
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_ _ _ __
_ __ __ The hybridization of a s and two p orbitals led to 3 sp2 hybrid orbitals for bonding. Compounds involving sp2 hybrid orbitals: BF3, CO32, H2CO, H2C=CH2, NO3, etc
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_ _ _ _
_ _ __ The hybridization of a s and three p orbitals led to 4 sp3 hybrid orbitals for bonding. Compounds involving sp3 hybrid orbitals: CF4, CH4, : NH3, H2O::, SiO44, SO42, ClO4, etc
Theories of chemical bonding 15
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How many unshared electron pairs are present in TeCl4 and BrF3? What are their shapes?
Theories of chemical bonding 17
No known compounds of AX3E3 and AX2E4 are known or recognized, because they are predicted to have a T shape and linear shape respectively when the lone pairs of electrons are ignored.
Theories of chemical bonding 18
H3C N C O
Which Lewis dot structure is the most important (stable)?
NCO
HC H H HC H
109o
N=C=O
120o
180o
NCO
HC H H
What hybridized orbitals are used for bonding in N and C? Why are the bond angles as indicated? No of s and p bonds = __, __? chemical bonding 19 Give formal charges to all Theories atomsofin all structures.
For example, the dot and VB theory does not explain the fact that O2 is paramagnetic and has a double bond.
Dot and VB structures are unsatisfactory.
:O
O:
MO theory, different from VB in that MO theory considers the orbitals of the whole molecules. However the approach of linear-combination-ofatomic-orbitals (LCAO) is usually used. There are other reasons, but its human nature to theorize. The theory is beautiful, and worth learning or teaching.
Theories of chemical bonding 20
For a molecule, there are certain orbitals each of which accommodates two electrons of opposite spin. The MO theory combines atomic orbitals (AO) to form MOs, & this method is called LCAO s* The two atoms in the H2 molecule may be represented by A and B. Their s orbitals 1sA and 1sB respectively, are used for two MOs: s* = 1sA 1sB s = 1sA + 1sB The energy levels of these AO and MO are represented by the diagram here, with the math hidden.
Theories of chemical bonding
1sA
s MO
1sB
AO
21 AO
Describe the relationships of bondlength & bondorder and e-configurations; learn to reason
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Due to close energy levels of 2s and 2p, the MO energy level diagram for Be2 to N2 differs from those of O2 to F2. Reasons and explanation are given during the lecture. Hope you can do the same. Give electronic configurations for Be2+, Be2, B2+, B2, B2, C2+, C2, C2, N2+, N2, N2. See p. 457 for two MO energy-level diagrams
Theories of chemical bonding 29
A more realistic energy level diagram for Be2 N2 involving sp mixing, not in text
___ 2p
This diagram from my CaCt website accounts for the sp mixing of the AO for the bonding consideration. This sp mixing effect is more detailed than that required for freshman chemistry (not to be tested). The sp mixing of AO gives stronger s2s bond and a weaker s*2s bond. Thus, the split from 2s is not even. Effects on other bonds are also shown, but qualitatively.
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_ 2s Atomic orbital
Molecular orbitals
Benzene
The benzene structure has fascinated scientists for centuries. Its bonding is particularly interesting. The C atom utilizes sp2 hybrid AO in the sigma bonds, and the remaining p AO overlap forming a ring of p bonds.
Sigma s bonds are represented by lines, and the p orbitals for the p bonds are shown by balloon-shape blobs. Note the + and signs of the p orbitals. Thus, we represent it by
+
+ +
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The p and p* of C6H6 are shown here; the symmetry is also interesting.
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In 1929 she showed, by her analysis of hexamethyl benzene, that the benzene ring was flat. Benzene has fascinated scientists, and its precise structure was a matter of controversy till then.
In 1945 she was elected the first ever woman Fellow of the Royal Society. She was also created a Dame Commander of the Order of the Brittish Empire in 1956.
Theories of chemical bonding 34
Review
Explain the bonding and anti-bonding orbitals, with a picture if possible Describe a s and a p bond, picture may be used. Give the electronic configurations and bond orders for N2, N2+, N22+, N2, N22, O2, Draw the Lewis dot structure for ozone. Describe the molecular shape and justify for it. Explain the delocalized electrons of ozone. Use the MO theory to explain the fact that O2 is paramagnetic, and has a double bond. A diagram of the MO energy levels will help. Give a few compounds that have the same number of electrons as O3.
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