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Air conditioning:
simultaneous control of temperature, humidity, composition, motion, and distribution of air for the purpose of human comfort or for industrial utilization.
Assignment # 1
List the factors involved in providing comfort for zone space. State the need for air conditioning such as: - comfort zone and its parameters - humidity control. Specify the temperature ranges for different applications. Explain the need or importance of control of temperatures within the comfort zones. Due Date : Today
Basic Psychrometry
Definition: is the study (science and practice) of the properties of
mixtures of air and water vapor. or Psychrometry is the study of moist air and of the changes in its conditions.
Wet bulb : wrapped in an absorbent material such as muslin, which is immersed in water and serves as a wick.
A psychrometer is an instrument (commonly used in laboratories )to measure relative humidity. Also referred to as a wet- and dry-bulb thermometer.
Basic Psychrometry :
DIAGRAMMED CHART
Chart is standard for atmospheric pressure (14.7 psi) and temperatures of 30o to 120 oF. Adequate for most greenhouse or livestock housing applications.
Chart presents physical and thermal properties of moist air in a graphical form.
Importance of understanding psychrometric charts helps visualization of environmental control concepts such as: why heated air can hold more moisture, and conversely, how allowing moist air to cool will result in condensation.
As rule of thumb
Inside typical greenhouses or animal buildings during winter conditions, a 10oF rise in air temperature can decrease relative humidity 20 percent. What would you do to decrease relative humidity in a winter greenhouse during a critical time period??????????
REMINDER
Relative humidity is an indicator of how much moisture is in the air compared to desirable moisture conditions, and dew point temperature indicates when condensation problems would occur should the (drybulb) temperature drop.
CALCULATIONS
Find the intersection of the two known properties, dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures, on the psychrometric chart, The dry-bulb temperature is located along the bottom horizontal axis. Find the line for 78oF, which runs vertically through the chart. Wet-bulb temperature is located along diagonal dotted lines leading to scale readings at the upper, curved boundary marked "saturation temperature". The intersection of the vertical 78oF dry-bulb line and the diagonal 65oF wet-bulb line has now established a "state point" for the measured air. Read relative humidity as 50 percent (curving line running from left to right up through the chart) and dew point temperature as 58oF (follow horizontal line, moving left, toward the curved upper boundary of saturation temperatures).
Sensible heat : is dry heat causing change in temperature but not in the moisture
substance during a change of state (changing from solid to liquid, or from liquid to gas), or a phase transition. Specific heat capacity : measure of the heat energy required to increase the temp. of a unit quantity(1kg) of a substance by a certain temperature interval(K)./ heat capacity per unit mass, C/ c. Unit Btu.(R/AC), J/kg. K (SI unit).
Condenser: extract heat from the refrigerant to the outside air. Expansion Valve/capillary tube:
-located at the end of the liquid line, before the evaporator. -high-pressure liquid reaches the expansion valve ( coming from the condenser). -valve reduces the pressure of the refrigerant as it passes through the orifice -reducing the pressure, also decreases the temperature of the refrigerant to a level below the surrounding air. This low-pressure, low-temperature liquid is then pumped in to the evaporator.
Oil separator : Placed between the compressor exhaust and the condenser, separates the oil
from the compressed vapor. Too much oil entering the condenser, refrigerant controls, evaporator, and filters interferes with operation.
Liquid receiver: storage tank for liquid refrigerant (especially during servicing). Usually on
systems which use low-side float control. Capillary systems do not use liquid receivers.
Quick quiz
Reminders
To melt 1 ib. of ice 144 Btu are required (to melt 1 ton of ice 288,000
Btu are required).
To melt 1 kg of ice 335 kJ are required. Questions 1. How many Btu will be absorbed in changing 25 lb. of ice at 50 Fto water at 400 F. Givens: specific heat capacity of ice is 0.50btu/lb Latent heat of fusion of ice is 144 Btu/lb. 2. With the aid of a sketch show the relationship between pressure and temperature and explain how it is applicable to the AC & refrigeration system.
Only those who prepare to pass at all times will escape failure.
Reversible isothermal expansion of the gas at the "hot" temperature, TH (isothermal heat addition). During this step (A to B on Fig.1, 1 to 2 in Figure 2) the expanding gas causes the piston to do work on the surroundings. The gas expansion is propelled by absorption of quantity Q1 of heat from the high temperature reservoir. Isentropic (Reversible adiabatic) expansion of the gas. For this step (B to C on Fig.1, 2 to 3 in Figure 2) we assume the piston and cylinder are thermally insulated, so that no heat is gained or lost. The gas continues to expand, doing work on the surroundings. The gas expansion causes it to cool to the "cold" temperature, TC. Reversible isothermal compression of the gas at the "cold" temperature, TC. (isothermal heat rejection) (C to D on Figure 1, 3 to 4 on Fig.2) Now the surroundings do work on the gas, causing quantity Q2 of heat to flow out of the gas to the low temperature reservoir. Isentropic compression of the gas. (D to A on Fig.1, 4 to 1 in Figure 2) Once again we assume the piston and cylinder are thermally insulated. During this step, the surroundings do work on the gas, compressing it and causing the temperature to rise to TH. At this point the gas is in the same state as at the start of step 1.
Fig.1: C.C., illustrated on a temperatureentropy diagram. The cycle takes place between a hot reservoir at temperature TH and a cold reservoir at temperature TC.
Rankine cycle
describes a model of the operation of steam heat engines most commonly found in power generation plants. Common heat sources for power plants using the Rankine cycle are coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear. Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle as, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram will begin to resemble the Carnot cycle. Main difference is that a pump is used to pressurize liquid instead of Physical layout of the four main devices used in gas. This requires about 100 times the Rankine cycle. less energy than that compressing a gas in a compressor (as in the Carnot cycle).