explain and use the terms: rate of reaction, activation energy, catalysis.

explain qualitatively, in terms of collisions, the effect of concentration changes on the rate of a reaction show understanding, including reference to the Boltzmann distribution, of what is meant by the term activation energy explain qualitatively, in terms both of the Boltzmann distribution

and of collision frequency, the effect of temperature change on the

rate of a reaction

(i) explain that, in the presence of a catalyst, a reaction has a different mechanism, i.e. one of lower activation energy (ii) interpret this catalytic effect in terms of the Boltzmann distribution describe enzymes as biological catalysts (proteins) which may have specific activity

Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates of chemical reactions.

Rate of reaction is the change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time.

Collision theory a set of three statements that give the conditions necessary for a chemical reaction to occur. a) Molecular collisions reactants particles (molecules, ions or atoms) must interact (collide) with one another before any reaction can occur

b)
Is

The activation energy

the minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place upon proper collision of reactants.

c) A chemical reaction occurs when Collisions between molecules have sufficient energy to break the bonds in the reactants. Molecules collide with the proper orientation. Bonds between atoms of the reactants (N2 and O2) are broken, and new bonds (NO) form.

More energy stored in product molecule bonds than in reactant molecule bonds.

Chemical reaction rate The rate at which reactants are consumed or products produced in a given time period. Affected by these factors: i) physical nature of the reactants ii) reactant concentration iii) reaction temperature iv) presence of catalyst

Physical nature of the reactants

Breaking a solid into smaller pieces increases the surface area exposed to reacting chemicals in a gas or in solution.

Increasing the

concentration of reactants
Increases

the number of collisions.

Increases

the reaction

rate.

As the temperature of a system increases Average kinetic energy of the reacting molecules increases and more collisions take place in a given time. Larger fraction of collision result in reaction. Every 10oC increase, rate of chemical

reaction doubles.

A catalyst Speeds up the rate of a reaction. Is not used up during the reaction.

The area under the curve gives the total number of molecules. This area does not change as the temperature rises. The peak height falls as the temperature rises and the curve spreads to the right

At 310 K, more molecules have enough energy to react when they collide with other molecules.

Thus, the reaction goes faster.

A catalyst often changes the mechanism of a reaction and makes a reaction more productive by increasing the yield of the desired product. The proportion of molecules able to react increases when a catalyst provides a pathway with lower activation energy.

Enzymes are proteins that Catalyze nearly all the chemical reactions taking place in the cells of the body. Increase the rate of reaction by providing alternative pathway with low energy of activation.

 The

function of enzymes as catalysts in biological systems are based on the concepts of enzyme active site and enzyme-substrate complex formation.
The active site Is a region within an enzyme that fits the shape of the reacting molecule called a substrate. Contains amino acid R groups that bind the substrate. Releases products when the reaction is complete.

In an enzyme-catalysed reaction A substrate attaches to the active site. An enzyme-substrate (ES) complex forms. Reaction occurs and products are released. An enzyme is used over and over.
E+S ES E+ P

In the lock-and-key model of enzyme action, The active site has a rigid shape. An enzyme only binds substrates that exactly fit the active site. Only substrates with the matching shape can fit. The substrate is the key that fits that lock.

Enzymes Are most active at an optimum temperature (usually 37C in humans). Show little activity at low temperatures. Lose activity at high temperatures as denaturation occurs.

Enzymes Are most active at optimum pH. Lose activity in low or high pH as tertiary structure is disrupted and denaturation occurs.