Proximal tubule

NaCl HCO3

Distal tubule
H2O
NaCl HCO3

Nutrients H2O K

NH3

Filtrate

CORTEX
Loop of Henle
NaCl H2O

OUTER MEDULLA

NaCl

Collecting duct
Key Active transport Passive transport
NaCl Urea H2O

INNER MEDULLA

Collecting Duct
The filtrate then flows from distal tubule to collecting duct The collecting duct carries the filtrate through the medulla to the renal pelvis The transport of the nephron and collecting duct processes the filtrate Forming the urine that is excrete through urinary system

Collecting Duct
How does this mechanism help to conserve water? The collecting duct, passes through the medulla of the kidney.

Permeable to water
In the inner medulla, duct becomes permeable to urea - contribute to high osmolarity of interstitial fluid in the medulla. water can be drawn out by osmosis, into the concentrated interstitial fluid in the medulla.

TAKE NOTE: The more concentrated the tissue fluid, the more water can be drawn out, and the more concentrated the urine can be.

Proximal tubule
NaCl HCO3

Distal tubule
H2O
NaCl HCO3

Nutrients H2O K

NH3

Filtrate

CORTEX
Loop of Henle
NaCl H2O

OUTER MEDULLA

NaCl

Collecting duct
Key Active transport Passive transport
NaCl Urea H2O

INNER MEDULLA

9. 3. 2 d) Water Regulation By ADH

- Describe the regulation of blood water \ content - Explain the regulation of Na+ reabsorption

Water Regulation by ADH a) Concepts

The kidney play central role in the regulation of the water content of the body or osmoregulation. The water content of the blood is monitored by osmoreceptor cells in the hypothalamus these cells produce antidiuretic hormone, ADH

Water Regulation by ADH

When the water content in blood is BELOW normal
i) Low intake of water in the blood
Thirst Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus trigger release of ADH. Hypothalamus

Water content of the blood is lower than normal - causing the blood volume to decrease. -concentration of salts dissolved in the blood becomes greater, increasing the blood osmolarity
Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus are sensitive to this changes

ADH

Pituitary gland
STIMULUS: Increase in blood osmolarity (for instance, after sweating profusely)

stimulate the posterior of the pituitary to release MORE ADH into the blood
Homeostasis: Blood osmolarity (300 mOsm/L)

Water Regulation by ADH

When the water content in blood is BELOW normal i) Low intake of water

When ADH reaches the kidney, its main targets are the collecting duct
makes the collecting duct wall more permeable to water The resulting increase in water reabsorption And concentrate the urine

Water Regulation by ADH Small volumes of concentrated urine are produced helps to stop the solute concentration of the blood from becoming too high Lowers blood osmolarity back toward the set point

Thirst

Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus trigger release of ADH. Hypothalamus

Drinking reduces blood osmolarity to set point. Increased permeability

ADH Pituitary gland STIMULUS: Increase in blood osmolarity (for instance, after sweating profusely)

Distal tubule

H2O reabsorption helps prevent further osmolarity increase. Collecting duct Homeostasis: Blood osmolarity (300 mOsm/L)

Water Regulation by ADH

When the water content in blood is ABOVE normal.

ii. High intake of water

Water content of the blood is higher than normal, the body fluids begin to dilute, causing the blood volume to increase. - concentration of salts in the blood becomes less, causing a decrease in osmotic pressure. Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus are sensitive to this osmotic change and stimulate the posterior lobe of the pituitary to release LESS ADH ADH makes the collecting duct wall less permeable to water

Water Regulation by ADH

Continue.

less water reabsorption at collecting duct

Large volumes of diluted urine are produced

9. 3. 2 e) Regulation of NA+ Reabsorption by aldosterone

Osmoregulation of mineral ions by aldosterone

a) Concepts Plasma sodium level is controlled by hormone aldosterone. It is secreted by the cortex region of the adrenal gland. Aldosterone stimulates the distal tubule to increase sodium reabsorption and K+ secretion thereby maintains the balance of salt in the body fluids.

Osmoregulation of mineral ions by aldosterone

A decrease in blood sodium

Leads to a decrease in blood volume (less water enters the blood by osmosis). --reduces blood pressure. Decreasing in pressure and volume stimulates a adrenal gland to release aldosteron

Aldosteron increase the rate of reabsorption of sodium ions and secretion of potassium ion from the distal convoluted tubules.
- fewer sodium ions are lost in the urine, and more are retained in the blood. - causes more water to enter the blood by osmosis, raising its volume and hence its pressure.

Summarize regulation of water by ADH

Low intake of water (Increase blood osmolarity)

High intake of water (Reduce blood osmolarity)

Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus

Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus

Posterior of pituitary gland secrete ADH

Posterior of pituitary gland secrete ADH

Collecting duct

Collecting duct

Permeable to water (Increase in water reabsorption) Small volume of concentrated urine produced

Less permeable to water ( less water reabsorption ) Large volume of dilute urine produced

Summarize regulation of Na+ by aldosterone

Decrease in blood sodium (low blood pressure and volume)

Adrenal gland secrete aldosterone

Distal tubule

Inrease the rate of sodium reabsorption More water enter the blood by osmosis