Chapter 18

Transport System
Biology Unit (12/13) Kedah Matriculation College

Chapter Review
Transport System
animal
Blood circulation heart structure heart beat root phloem cardiac cycle Lymphatic system Water

plant
Food

xylem

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Explain the initiation of heart beat and its control Explain the factors affecting heart beat

Mammalian Heart
Structures and function

Mammalian Heart
Located behind the breastbone (sternum) Cone-shaped Consists mostly of cardiac muscle Contracts and relaxes in a rhythmic cycle : contract, it pumps blood relaxes, fill its chamber with blood

Mammalian Heart
Structure of Heart
Anterior vena cava
Pulmonary vein Right atrium Left atrium Atrioventricular valve Right ventricle Aorta Pulmonary artery Pulmonary veins

Semilunar valve
Left ventricle

Superior vena cava

Aorta Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein
Inferior vena cava

Blood circulation Vena cava right atria right ventricle pulmonary artery lung Pulmonary vein left atria left ventricle aorta body tissues

Contain 4 chambers: Atrium (left and right) - Thin- wall - Serve as collection chambers for blood returning to the heart Left atrium: - Receive oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
Right atrium: - Receive deoxygenated blood from vena cavae.

Ventricle (left and right) - Thick- wall - Pumps blood to all body organs

Left Ventricle - Pump blood to entire of the body Right Ventricle - Pumps blood to the lung - Less muscular

Valves of the heart: Prevent backflow of blood within the heart. Atrioventricular valves (AV)
Tricuspid (right) Bicuspid valve ( left)
Prevent backflow of blood within the atria

Semilunar valves
Pulmonary semilunar valve (right) Aortic semilunar valve (left)

Prevent backflow of blood within the ventricles

Initiation of Heart Beat

Regulation of nerves at heart wall

Components involved in heart beats

1. Sinoatrial node (SA node)

In the wall of right atrium 2. Atrioventricular node (AV node)

3. Bundle branches
4. Purkinje fibres

Initiation of Heart Beat

Cardiac muscle are self-excitable (myogenic) contract without any signal from the nervous system.

1) Sinoatrial (SA) node Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker, which sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract.
The SA node is located in the wall of the right atrium.

Initiation of Heart Beat

1.SA node generates electrical impulses Spread rapidly through the wall of the atria Making them contract

Initiation of Heart Beat

2. Impulse from SA node is delayed for 0.1 second at AV node Allowing the atria empty completely before the ventricles contract.

0.1 s

Initiation of Heart Beat

3. Impulse from the AV node are conducted to heart apex by bundle branches and Purkinje fibers

Initiation of Heart Beat

4. Impulse are conducted by Purkinje fibers through out ventricular walls. - Stimulates the ventricles to contract from the apex towards atria - driving blood into the aorta & pulmonary arteries.

Initiation of Heart Beat

Contraction of atrium

0.1 s

Contraction of ventricle

SUMMARY

SA node (pacemaker)

Wall of right atrium & wall of left atrium (atria contract) AV node
Delay for 0.1 sec until atria empty completely

Contraction of right ventricles

Bundle branches
and

Purkinje fibers Heart Apex

Contraction of left ventricle

SA node (right atrium) Atria Wall (Atria Contract) delayed (AV node) blood in atria empties into ventricles bundles branches and Purkinje Fibers conduct signal heart apex ventricle wall ventricles contract

Control of Heart Beat

Heart rate is controlled by two factors :
Nervous control (autonomic) Sympathetic Parasympathetic Decrease heart rate Epinephrine & Norepinephrine & thyroxine Increase heart rate during stress Hormonal control

Increase heart rate

Factors affecting heart beat

pH

Factors affecting heart Beat

Body Temperature
Increasing of body temperature increase the heart beat. Increasing 1oC will increase heart beat (10 times/minute) Lowering the body temperature (hypothermia) decreased the heart beat.

 Depending on the temperature relative to the body, blood vessels will either dilate or contract. If temperature increase, blood vessels dilate (releases heat), blood pressure will decrease to keep blood pressure stable, the heart has to pump faster