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Transformer
• Efficiency of transformer
Transformer
transformer
• change magnitude of
a.c. voltage
• soft-iron core wound
with two coils
Go to
Discussion 2
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 2
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 162)
Transformer
low voltage
d.c. power
supply centre-zero
galvanometer
switch
coil A coil B
transformer
Transformer
Transformer
field no change
(2) switch remains closed
→ no induced current
Transformer
• oppose the
change
• I flows in
(3) at the instant opposite direction
switch is open
Transformer
to an energy
source
CAL
Workshop 2
soft-iron core
Transformer
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 7
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 164)
Transformer
a.c. sets up
primary alternating
coil secondary magnetic field in
transformer coil
core
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 8
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 164)
Expt. 17D
Transformer
CRO
to a.c. power
supply
primary secondary
coil coil
Ns Vs
Vp Np
Vp N p
voltage ratio = turns ratio
Vs Ns
Thinking 2
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 10
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 165)
soft-iron core
(Ns > Np)
input output
Np Ns voltage
voltage
(Vp) (Vs)
step-up transformer
(Vs > Vp)
circuit symbol
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 11
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 165)
input Np output
voltage Ns voltage
step-down transformer
(Vs < Vp)
circuit symbol
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 12
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 166)
Efficiency of transformer
Efficiency of a transformer
Output electrical power
= × 100%
Input electrical power
Vs I s
e= × 100%
Vp I p
Go to
Thinking 3
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. Discussion 3 13
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 167)
Efficiency of transformer
Efficiency of transformer
ideal practical
(e = 100%) (e < 100%)
transformer transformer
power
loss
Thinking 4
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 15
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 167)
(1) resistance
soft-iron core → coils heat up
i r e s of
cti ng w
c o nd u n c e
us e r e s i s ta
r
Thinking 5 smalle
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 16
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 167)
e n t b y
y c u r r
c e e d d r e
red u n o f c o
a ti o
lamin
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 17
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 167)
(3) continuous
magnetization &
demagnetization
→ heats up coils
n c or e
ft -i ro
use so
Example 4:
In a TV set, a 220 V a.c. is stepped up to 22 000 V by a
transformer.
(a) What the turns ratio is needed for the transformer?
(b) If the input power is 100 W and the efficiency of the
transformer is 95%, what is the output current?
Solut
(a) By (b) Output power = Input power × Efficiency
ion
Vp N p
=
Vs N s = 100 × 95%
220 = N p = 95 W
22000 N s By P = VI
Np
∴ = 1 95 = 22 000 × I
N s 100
I = 0.004 3 A
The current is small because
the voltage is high.
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 19
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 168)
Class Practice 3:
A transformer is used to step down a 220 V mains supply to
run an electrical appliance of 110 V, 550 W.
(a) If the primary coil has 1 000 turns, what is the number of
(c) It is found that the current drawn from the mains is 2.8 A.
Discussion 2:
One day, Louis found that the 6 V battery of his
shaver was running out. Luckily, he got an
adaptor. Then the shaver was connected to a
socket through the adaptor. Louse realized that
the electricity from the socket was an a.c. output
of 220 V and wondered why the shaver did not
overload. Do you know why? Ans
wer
The adaptor is a transformer, which changes
the voltage from 220 V a.c. to 6 V a.c. and then 6 V d.c.
Therefore the shaver can work properly.
Return to
Thinking 2
Ans
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd.
wer 24
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 165)
Return to
Discussion 3:
After Sally has used an adaptor to charge a
mobile phone, the adaptor becomes very hot.
Why? What is the danger if the adaptor becomes
too hot? What should you do to avoid it? Ans
wer
The heat produced is due to the energy lost during the
process when the input electrical energy is converted
to the output electrical energy. If the adaptor becomes
too hot, it causes fire. Therefore, we should not use
an adaptor to charge an electrical device for too long.
Return to
Thinking 3
electrical
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. toothbrush 27
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 166)
Thinking 3 (Cont)
Return to
Text
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 28
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 167)
Thinking 4
input output
primary secondar voltage
voltage y coil
coil (Vs)
(Vp)
Return to
Text
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 29
17.3 Transformer (SB p. 167)
Thinking 5
Vp Np Ns Vs
Return to
Text
© Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd. 30